<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>linux-toradex.git/net/bridge/br_private.h, branch v4.9.36</title>
<subtitle>Linux kernel for Apalis and Colibri modules</subtitle>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/'/>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: change unicast boolean to exact pkt_type</title>
<updated>2016-09-02T05:48:33+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-08-31T13:36:51+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=8addd5e7d3a5c118a214a7794ae299787198aa25'/>
<id>8addd5e7d3a5c118a214a7794ae299787198aa25</id>
<content type='text'>
Remove the unicast flag and introduce an exact pkt_type. That would help us
for the upcoming per-port multicast flood flag and also slightly reduce the
tests in the input fast path.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Remove the unicast flag and introduce an exact pkt_type. That would help us
for the upcoming per-port multicast flood flag and also slightly reduce the
tests in the input fast path.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>rtnetlink: fdb dump: optimize by saving last interface markers</title>
<updated>2016-09-01T23:56:15+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Roopa Prabhu</name>
<email>roopa@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-08-31T04:56:45+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=d297653dd6f07afbe7e6c702a4bcd7615680002e'/>
<id>d297653dd6f07afbe7e6c702a4bcd7615680002e</id>
<content type='text'>
fdb dumps spanning multiple skb's currently restart from the first
interface again for every skb. This results in unnecessary
iterations on the already visited interfaces and their fdb
entries. In large scale setups, we have seen this to slow
down fdb dumps considerably. On a system with 30k macs we
see fdb dumps spanning across more than 300 skbs.

To fix the problem, this patch replaces the existing single fdb
marker with three markers: netdev hash entries, netdevs and fdb
index to continue where we left off instead of restarting from the
first netdev. This is consistent with link dumps.

In the process of fixing the performance issue, this patch also
re-implements fix done by
commit 472681d57a5d ("net: ndo_fdb_dump should report -EMSGSIZE to rtnl_fdb_dump")
(with an internal fix from Wilson Kok) in the following ways:
- change ndo_fdb_dump handlers to return error code instead
of the last fdb index
- use cb-&gt;args strictly for dump frag markers and not error codes.
This is consistent with other dump functions.

Below results were taken on a system with 1000 netdevs
and 35085 fdb entries:
before patch:
$time bridge fdb show | wc -l
15065

real    1m11.791s
user    0m0.070s
sys 1m8.395s

(existing code does not return all macs)

after patch:
$time bridge fdb show | wc -l
35085

real    0m2.017s
user    0m0.113s
sys 0m1.942s

Signed-off-by: Roopa Prabhu &lt;roopa@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Wilson Kok &lt;wkok@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
fdb dumps spanning multiple skb's currently restart from the first
interface again for every skb. This results in unnecessary
iterations on the already visited interfaces and their fdb
entries. In large scale setups, we have seen this to slow
down fdb dumps considerably. On a system with 30k macs we
see fdb dumps spanning across more than 300 skbs.

To fix the problem, this patch replaces the existing single fdb
marker with three markers: netdev hash entries, netdevs and fdb
index to continue where we left off instead of restarting from the
first netdev. This is consistent with link dumps.

In the process of fixing the performance issue, this patch also
re-implements fix done by
commit 472681d57a5d ("net: ndo_fdb_dump should report -EMSGSIZE to rtnl_fdb_dump")
(with an internal fix from Wilson Kok) in the following ways:
- change ndo_fdb_dump handlers to return error code instead
of the last fdb index
- use cb-&gt;args strictly for dump frag markers and not error codes.
This is consistent with other dump functions.

Below results were taken on a system with 1000 netdevs
and 35085 fdb entries:
before patch:
$time bridge fdb show | wc -l
15065

real    1m11.791s
user    0m0.070s
sys 1m8.395s

(existing code does not return all macs)

after patch:
$time bridge fdb show | wc -l
35085

real    0m2.017s
user    0m0.113s
sys 0m1.942s

Signed-off-by: Roopa Prabhu &lt;roopa@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Wilson Kok &lt;wkok@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>bridge: switchdev: Add forward mark support for stacked devices</title>
<updated>2016-08-26T20:13:36+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Ido Schimmel</name>
<email>idosch@mellanox.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-08-25T16:42:37+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=6bc506b4fb065eac3d89ca1ce37082e174493d9e'/>
<id>6bc506b4fb065eac3d89ca1ce37082e174493d9e</id>
<content type='text'>
switchdev_port_fwd_mark_set() is used to set the 'offload_fwd_mark' of
port netdevs so that packets being flooded by the device won't be
flooded twice.

It works by assigning a unique identifier (the ifindex of the first
bridge port) to bridge ports sharing the same parent ID. This prevents
packets from being flooded twice by the same switch, but will flood
packets through bridge ports belonging to a different switch.

This method is problematic when stacked devices are taken into account,
such as VLANs. In such cases, a physical port netdev can have upper
devices being members in two different bridges, thus requiring two
different 'offload_fwd_mark's to be configured on the port netdev, which
is impossible.

The main problem is that packet and netdev marking is performed at the
physical netdev level, whereas flooding occurs between bridge ports,
which are not necessarily port netdevs.

Instead, packet and netdev marking should really be done in the bridge
driver with the switch driver only telling it which packets it already
forwarded. The bridge driver will mark such packets using the mark
assigned to the ingress bridge port and will prevent the packet from
being forwarded through any bridge port sharing the same mark (i.e.
having the same parent ID).

Remove the current switchdev 'offload_fwd_mark' implementation and
instead implement the proposed method. In addition, make rocker - the
sole user of the mark - use the proposed method.

Signed-off-by: Ido Schimmel &lt;idosch@mellanox.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko &lt;jiri@mellanox.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
switchdev_port_fwd_mark_set() is used to set the 'offload_fwd_mark' of
port netdevs so that packets being flooded by the device won't be
flooded twice.

It works by assigning a unique identifier (the ifindex of the first
bridge port) to bridge ports sharing the same parent ID. This prevents
packets from being flooded twice by the same switch, but will flood
packets through bridge ports belonging to a different switch.

This method is problematic when stacked devices are taken into account,
such as VLANs. In such cases, a physical port netdev can have upper
devices being members in two different bridges, thus requiring two
different 'offload_fwd_mark's to be configured on the port netdev, which
is impossible.

The main problem is that packet and netdev marking is performed at the
physical netdev level, whereas flooding occurs between bridge ports,
which are not necessarily port netdevs.

Instead, packet and netdev marking should really be done in the bridge
driver with the switch driver only telling it which packets it already
forwarded. The bridge driver will mark such packets using the mark
assigned to the ingress bridge port and will prevent the packet from
being forwarded through any bridge port sharing the same mark (i.e.
having the same parent ID).

Remove the current switchdev 'offload_fwd_mark' implementation and
instead implement the proposed method. In addition, make rocker - the
sole user of the mark - use the proposed method.

Signed-off-by: Ido Schimmel &lt;idosch@mellanox.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Jiri Pirko &lt;jiri@mellanox.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: br_set_ageing_time takes a clock_t</title>
<updated>2016-07-25T17:30:03+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Vivien Didelot</name>
<email>vivien.didelot@savoirfairelinux.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-07-21T16:42:19+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=9e0b27fe5ada7752577f3e1260eec44e79476142'/>
<id>9e0b27fe5ada7752577f3e1260eec44e79476142</id>
<content type='text'>
Change the ageing_time type in br_set_ageing_time() from u32 to what it
is expected to be, i.e. a clock_t.

Signed-off-by: Vivien Didelot &lt;vivien.didelot@savoirfairelinux.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Change the ageing_time type in br_set_ageing_time() from u32 to what it
is expected to be, i.e. a clock_t.

Signed-off-by: Vivien Didelot &lt;vivien.didelot@savoirfairelinux.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: remove _deliver functions and consolidate forward code</title>
<updated>2016-07-17T02:57:38+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-07-14T03:10:02+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=37b090e6be2dc98ccb55bb663931546282abf2e8'/>
<id>37b090e6be2dc98ccb55bb663931546282abf2e8</id>
<content type='text'>
Before this patch we had two flavors of most forwarding functions -
_forward and _deliver, the difference being that the latter are used
when the packets are locally originated. Instead of all this function
pointer passing and code duplication, we can just pass a boolean noting
that the packet was locally originated and use that to perform the
necessary checks in __br_forward. This gives a minor performance
improvement but more importantly consolidates the forwarding paths.
Also add a kernel doc comment to explain the exported br_forward()'s
arguments.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Before this patch we had two flavors of most forwarding functions -
_forward and _deliver, the difference being that the latter are used
when the packets are locally originated. Instead of all this function
pointer passing and code duplication, we can just pass a boolean noting
that the packet was locally originated and use that to perform the
necessary checks in __br_forward. This gives a minor performance
improvement but more importantly consolidates the forwarding paths.
Also add a kernel doc comment to explain the exported br_forward()'s
arguments.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: drop skb2/skb0 variables and use a local_rcv boolean</title>
<updated>2016-07-17T02:57:38+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-07-14T03:10:01+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=b35c5f632b630183396a2ea2e2247ff8bbf2c94f'/>
<id>b35c5f632b630183396a2ea2e2247ff8bbf2c94f</id>
<content type='text'>
Currently if the packet is going to be received locally we set skb0 or
sometimes called skb2 variables to the original skb. This can get
confusing and also we can avoid one conditional on the fast path by
simply using a boolean and passing it around. Thanks to Roopa for the
name suggestion.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
Currently if the packet is going to be received locally we set skb0 or
sometimes called skb2 variables to the original skb. This can get
confusing and also we can avoid one conditional on the fast path by
simply using a boolean and passing it around. Thanks to Roopa for the
name suggestion.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: extend MLD/IGMP query stats</title>
<updated>2016-07-09T21:40:09+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>razor@blackwall.org</email>
</author>
<published>2016-07-06T19:12:21+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=a65056ecf4b48be0d0284a7b6a57b6dace10b843'/>
<id>a65056ecf4b48be0d0284a7b6a57b6dace10b843</id>
<content type='text'>
As was suggested this patch adds support for the different versions of MLD
and IGMP query types. Since the user visible structure is still in net-next
we can augment it instead of adding netlink attributes.
The distinction between the different IGMP/MLD query types is done as
suggested in Section 7.1, RFC 3376 [1] and Section 8.1, RFC 3810 [2] based
on query payload size and code for IGMP. Since all IGMP packets go through
multicast_rcv() and it uses ip_mc_check_igmp/ipv6_mc_check_mld we can be
sure that at least the ip/ipv6 header can be directly used.

[1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3376#section-7
[2] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3810#section-8.1

Suggested-by: Linus Lüssing &lt;linus.luessing@c0d3.blue&gt;
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger &lt;stephen@networkplumber.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
As was suggested this patch adds support for the different versions of MLD
and IGMP query types. Since the user visible structure is still in net-next
we can augment it instead of adding netlink attributes.
The distinction between the different IGMP/MLD query types is done as
suggested in Section 7.1, RFC 3376 [1] and Section 8.1, RFC 3810 [2] based
on query payload size and code for IGMP. Since all IGMP packets go through
multicast_rcv() and it uses ip_mc_check_igmp/ipv6_mc_check_mld we can be
sure that at least the ip/ipv6 header can be directly used.

[1] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3376#section-7
[2] https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3810#section-8.1

Suggested-by: Linus Lüssing &lt;linus.luessing@c0d3.blue&gt;
Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Acked-by: Stephen Hemminger &lt;stephen@networkplumber.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: bridge: add support for IGMP/MLD stats and export them via netlink</title>
<updated>2016-06-30T10:18:24+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-06-28T14:57:06+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=1080ab95e3c7bdd77870e209aff83c763fdcf439'/>
<id>1080ab95e3c7bdd77870e209aff83c763fdcf439</id>
<content type='text'>
This patch adds stats support for the currently used IGMP/MLD types by the
bridge. The stats are per-port (plus one stat per-bridge) and per-direction
(RX/TX). The stats are exported via netlink via the new linkxstats API
(RTM_GETSTATS). In order to minimize the performance impact, a new option
is used to enable/disable the stats - multicast_stats_enabled, similar to
the recent vlan stats. Also in order to avoid multiple IGMP/MLD type
lookups and checks, we make use of the current "igmp" member of the bridge
private skb-&gt;cb region to record the type on Rx (both host-generated and
external packets pass by multicast_rcv()). We can do that since the igmp
member was used as a boolean and all the valid IGMP/MLD types are positive
values. The normal bridge fast-path is not affected at all, the only
affected paths are the flooding ones and since we make use of the IGMP/MLD
type, we can quickly determine if the packet should be counted using
cache-hot data (cb's igmp member). We add counters for:
* IGMP Queries
* IGMP Leaves
* IGMP v1/v2/v3 reports

* MLD Queries
* MLD Leaves
* MLD v1/v2 reports

These are invaluable when monitoring or debugging complex multicast setups
with bridges.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
This patch adds stats support for the currently used IGMP/MLD types by the
bridge. The stats are per-port (plus one stat per-bridge) and per-direction
(RX/TX). The stats are exported via netlink via the new linkxstats API
(RTM_GETSTATS). In order to minimize the performance impact, a new option
is used to enable/disable the stats - multicast_stats_enabled, similar to
the recent vlan stats. Also in order to avoid multiple IGMP/MLD type
lookups and checks, we make use of the current "igmp" member of the bridge
private skb-&gt;cb region to record the type on Rx (both host-generated and
external packets pass by multicast_rcv()). We can do that since the igmp
member was used as a boolean and all the valid IGMP/MLD types are positive
values. The normal bridge fast-path is not affected at all, the only
affected paths are the flooding ones and since we make use of the IGMP/MLD
type, we can quickly determine if the packet should be counted using
cache-hot data (cb's igmp member). We add counters for:
* IGMP Queries
* IGMP Leaves
* IGMP v1/v2/v3 reports

* MLD Queries
* MLD Leaves
* MLD v1/v2 reports

These are invaluable when monitoring or debugging complex multicast setups
with bridges.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Bridge: Fix ipv6 mc snooping if bridge has no ipv6 address</title>
<updated>2016-06-28T12:03:04+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>daniel</name>
<email>daniel@dd-wrt.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-06-24T10:35:18+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=0888d5f3c0f183ea6177355752ada433d370ac89'/>
<id>0888d5f3c0f183ea6177355752ada433d370ac89</id>
<content type='text'>
The bridge is falsly dropping ipv6 mulitcast packets if there is:
 1. No ipv6 address assigned on the brigde.
 2. No external mld querier present.
 3. The internal querier enabled.

When the bridge fails to build mld queries, because it has no
ipv6 address, it slilently returns, but keeps the local querier enabled.
This specific case causes confusing packet loss.

Ipv6 multicast snooping can only work if:
 a) An external querier is present
 OR
 b) The bridge has an ipv6 address an is capable of sending own queries

Otherwise it has to forward/flood the ipv6 multicast traffic,
because snooping cannot work.

This patch fixes the issue by adding a flag to the bridge struct that
indicates that there is currently no ipv6 address assinged to the bridge
and returns a false state for the local querier in
__br_multicast_querier_exists().

Special thanks to Linus Lüssing.

Fixes: d1d81d4c3dd8 ("bridge: check return value of ipv6_dev_get_saddr()")
Signed-off-by: Daniel Danzberger &lt;daniel@dd-wrt.com&gt;
Acked-by: Linus Lüssing &lt;linus.luessing@c0d3.blue&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
<content type='xhtml'>
<div xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<pre>
The bridge is falsly dropping ipv6 mulitcast packets if there is:
 1. No ipv6 address assigned on the brigde.
 2. No external mld querier present.
 3. The internal querier enabled.

When the bridge fails to build mld queries, because it has no
ipv6 address, it slilently returns, but keeps the local querier enabled.
This specific case causes confusing packet loss.

Ipv6 multicast snooping can only work if:
 a) An external querier is present
 OR
 b) The bridge has an ipv6 address an is capable of sending own queries

Otherwise it has to forward/flood the ipv6 multicast traffic,
because snooping cannot work.

This patch fixes the issue by adding a flag to the bridge struct that
indicates that there is currently no ipv6 address assinged to the bridge
and returns a false state for the local querier in
__br_multicast_querier_exists().

Special thanks to Linus Lüssing.

Fixes: d1d81d4c3dd8 ("bridge: check return value of ipv6_dev_get_saddr()")
Signed-off-by: Daniel Danzberger &lt;daniel@dd-wrt.com&gt;
Acked-by: Linus Lüssing &lt;linus.luessing@c0d3.blue&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
</div>
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>bridge: netlink: export per-vlan stats</title>
<updated>2016-05-03T02:27:06+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Nikolay Aleksandrov</name>
<email>nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com</email>
</author>
<published>2016-04-30T08:25:29+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.toradex.cn/cgit/linux-toradex.git/commit/?id=a60c090361ea211625c27052dbbc11c5222e20e4'/>
<id>a60c090361ea211625c27052dbbc11c5222e20e4</id>
<content type='text'>
Add a new LINK_XSTATS_TYPE_BRIDGE attribute and implement the
RTM_GETSTATS callbacks for IFLA_STATS_LINK_XSTATS (fill_linkxstats and
get_linkxstats_size) in order to export the per-vlan stats.
The paddings were added because soon these fields will be needed for
per-port per-vlan stats (or something else if someone beats me to it) so
avoiding at least a few more netlink attributes.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
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Add a new LINK_XSTATS_TYPE_BRIDGE attribute and implement the
RTM_GETSTATS callbacks for IFLA_STATS_LINK_XSTATS (fill_linkxstats and
get_linkxstats_size) in order to export the per-vlan stats.
The paddings were added because soon these fields will be needed for
per-port per-vlan stats (or something else if someone beats me to it) so
avoiding at least a few more netlink attributes.

Signed-off-by: Nikolay Aleksandrov &lt;nikolay@cumulusnetworks.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</pre>
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