mm: non-atomically mark page accessed during page cache allocation where possible

aops->write_begin may allocate a new page and make it visible only to have
mark_page_accessed called almost immediately after.  Once the page is
visible the atomic operations are necessary which is noticable overhead
when writing to an in-memory filesystem like tmpfs but should also be
noticable with fast storage.  The objective of the patch is to initialse
the accessed information with non-atomic operations before the page is
visible.

The bulk of filesystems directly or indirectly use
grab_cache_page_write_begin or find_or_create_page for the initial
allocation of a page cache page.  This patch adds an init_page_accessed()
helper which behaves like the first call to mark_page_accessed() but may
called before the page is visible and can be done non-atomically.

The primary APIs of concern in this care are the following and are used
by most filesystems.

	find_get_page
	find_lock_page
	find_or_create_page
	grab_cache_page_nowait
	grab_cache_page_write_begin

All of them are very similar in detail to the patch creates a core helper
pagecache_get_page() which takes a flags parameter that affects its
behavior such as whether the page should be marked accessed or not.  Then
old API is preserved but is basically a thin wrapper around this core
function.

Each of the filesystems are then updated to avoid calling
mark_page_accessed when it is known that the VM interfaces have already
done the job.  There is a slight snag in that the timing of the
mark_page_accessed() has now changed so in rare cases it's possible a page
gets to the end of the LRU as PageReferenced where as previously it might
have been repromoted.  This is expected to be rare but it's worth the
filesystem people thinking about it in case they see a problem with the
timing change.  It is also the case that some filesystems may be marking
pages accessed that previously did not but it makes sense that filesystems
have consistent behaviour in this regard.

The test case used to evaulate this is a simple dd of a large file done
multiple times with the file deleted on each iterations.  The size of the
file is 1/10th physical memory to avoid dirty page balancing.  In the
async case it will be possible that the workload completes without even
hitting the disk and will have variable results but highlight the impact
of mark_page_accessed for async IO.  The sync results are expected to be
more stable.  The exception is tmpfs where the normal case is for the "IO"
to not hit the disk.

The test machine was single socket and UMA to avoid any scheduling or NUMA
artifacts.  Throughput and wall times are presented for sync IO, only wall
times are shown for async as the granularity reported by dd and the
variability is unsuitable for comparison.  As async results were variable
do to writback timings, I'm only reporting the maximum figures.  The sync
results were stable enough to make the mean and stddev uninteresting.

The performance results are reported based on a run with no profiling.
Profile data is based on a separate run with oprofile running.

async dd
                                    3.15.0-rc3            3.15.0-rc3
                                       vanilla           accessed-v2
ext3    Max      elapsed     13.9900 (  0.00%)     11.5900 ( 17.16%)
tmpfs	Max      elapsed      0.5100 (  0.00%)      0.4900 (  3.92%)
btrfs   Max      elapsed     12.8100 (  0.00%)     12.7800 (  0.23%)
ext4	Max      elapsed     18.6000 (  0.00%)     13.3400 ( 28.28%)
xfs	Max      elapsed     12.5600 (  0.00%)      2.0900 ( 83.36%)

The XFS figure is a bit strange as it managed to avoid a worst case by
sheer luck but the average figures looked reasonable.

        samples percentage
ext3       86107    0.9783  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-vanilla        mark_page_accessed
ext3       23833    0.2710  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 mark_page_accessed
ext3        5036    0.0573  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 init_page_accessed
ext4       64566    0.8961  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-vanilla        mark_page_accessed
ext4        5322    0.0713  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 mark_page_accessed
ext4        2869    0.0384  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 init_page_accessed
xfs        62126    1.7675  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-vanilla        mark_page_accessed
xfs         1904    0.0554  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 init_page_accessed
xfs          103    0.0030  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 mark_page_accessed
btrfs      10655    0.1338  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-vanilla        mark_page_accessed
btrfs       2020    0.0273  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 init_page_accessed
btrfs        587    0.0079  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 mark_page_accessed
tmpfs      59562    3.2628  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-vanilla        mark_page_accessed
tmpfs       1210    0.0696  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 init_page_accessed
tmpfs         94    0.0054  vmlinux-3.15.0-rc4-accessed-v3r25 mark_page_accessed

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't run init_page_accessed() against an uninitialised pointer]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Tested-by: Prabhakar Lad <prabhakar.csengg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

3 files changed, 103 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/include/linux/page-flags.h b/include/linux/page-flags.h
index 4d4b39ab2341..2093eb72785e 100644
--- a/include/linux/page-flags.h
+++ b/include/linux/page-flags.h
@@ -198,6 +198,7 @@ struct page;	/* forward declaration */
 TESTPAGEFLAG(Locked, locked)
 PAGEFLAG(Error, error) TESTCLEARFLAG(Error, error)
 PAGEFLAG(Referenced, referenced) TESTCLEARFLAG(Referenced, referenced)
+	__SETPAGEFLAG(Referenced, referenced)
 PAGEFLAG(Dirty, dirty) TESTSCFLAG(Dirty, dirty) __CLEARPAGEFLAG(Dirty, dirty)
 PAGEFLAG(LRU, lru) __CLEARPAGEFLAG(LRU, lru)
 PAGEFLAG(Active, active) __CLEARPAGEFLAG(Active, active)
diff --git a/include/linux/pagemap.h b/include/linux/pagemap.h
index c16fb6d06e36..0a97b583ee8d 100644
--- a/include/linux/pagemap.h
+++ b/include/linux/pagemap.h
@@ -259,12 +259,109 @@ pgoff_t page_cache_next_hole(struct address_space *mapping,
 pgoff_t page_cache_prev_hole(struct address_space *mapping,
 			     pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan);
 
+#define FGP_ACCESSED		0x00000001
+#define FGP_LOCK		0x00000002
+#define FGP_CREAT		0x00000004
+#define FGP_WRITE		0x00000008
+#define FGP_NOFS		0x00000010
+#define FGP_NOWAIT		0x00000020
+
+struct page *pagecache_get_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset,
+		int fgp_flags, gfp_t cache_gfp_mask, gfp_t radix_gfp_mask);
+
+/**
+ * find_get_page - find and get a page reference
+ * @mapping: the address_space to search
+ * @offset: the page index
+ *
+ * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.  If there is a
+ * page cache page, it is returned with an increased refcount.
+ *
+ * Otherwise, %NULL is returned.
+ */
+static inline struct page *find_get_page(struct address_space *mapping,
+					pgoff_t offset)
+{
+	return pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset, 0, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static inline struct page *find_get_page_flags(struct address_space *mapping,
+					pgoff_t offset, int fgp_flags)
+{
+	return pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset, fgp_flags, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_lock_page - locate, pin and lock a pagecache page
+ * pagecache_get_page - find and get a page reference
+ * @mapping: the address_space to search
+ * @offset: the page index
+ *
+ * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.  If there is a
+ * page cache page, it is returned locked and with an increased
+ * refcount.
+ *
+ * Otherwise, %NULL is returned.
+ *
+ * find_lock_page() may sleep.
+ */
+static inline struct page *find_lock_page(struct address_space *mapping,
+					pgoff_t offset)
+{
+	return pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset, FGP_LOCK, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_or_create_page - locate or add a pagecache page
+ * @mapping: the page's address_space
+ * @index: the page's index into the mapping
+ * @gfp_mask: page allocation mode
+ *
+ * Looks up the page cache slot at @mapping & @offset.  If there is a
+ * page cache page, it is returned locked and with an increased
+ * refcount.
+ *
+ * If the page is not present, a new page is allocated using @gfp_mask
+ * and added to the page cache and the VM's LRU list.  The page is
+ * returned locked and with an increased refcount.
+ *
+ * On memory exhaustion, %NULL is returned.
+ *
+ * find_or_create_page() may sleep, even if @gfp_flags specifies an
+ * atomic allocation!
+ */
+static inline struct page *find_or_create_page(struct address_space *mapping,
+					pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask)
+{
+	return pagecache_get_page(mapping, offset,
+					FGP_LOCK|FGP_ACCESSED|FGP_CREAT,
+					gfp_mask, gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK);
+}
+
+/**
+ * grab_cache_page_nowait - returns locked page at given index in given cache
+ * @mapping: target address_space
+ * @index: the page index
+ *
+ * Same as grab_cache_page(), but do not wait if the page is unavailable.
+ * This is intended for speculative data generators, where the data can
+ * be regenerated if the page couldn't be grabbed.  This routine should
+ * be safe to call while holding the lock for another page.
+ *
+ * Clear __GFP_FS when allocating the page to avoid recursion into the fs
+ * and deadlock against the caller's locked page.
+ */
+static inline struct page *grab_cache_page_nowait(struct address_space *mapping,
+				pgoff_t index)
+{
+	return pagecache_get_page(mapping, index,
+			FGP_LOCK|FGP_CREAT|FGP_NOFS|FGP_NOWAIT,
+			mapping_gfp_mask(mapping),
+			GFP_NOFS);
+}
+
 struct page *find_get_entry(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset);
-struct page *find_get_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset);
 struct page *find_lock_entry(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset);
-struct page *find_lock_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset);
-struct page *find_or_create_page(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
-				 gfp_t gfp_mask);
 unsigned find_get_entries(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t start,
 			  unsigned int nr_entries, struct page **entries,
 			  pgoff_t *indices);
@@ -287,8 +384,6 @@ static inline struct page *grab_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
 	return find_or_create_page(mapping, index, mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
 }
 
-extern struct page * grab_cache_page_nowait(struct address_space *mapping,
-				pgoff_t index);
 extern struct page * read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
 				pgoff_t index, filler_t *filler, void *data);
 extern struct page * read_cache_page_gfp(struct address_space *mapping,
diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h
index 97cf16164c46..4348d95e571f 100644
--- a/include/linux/swap.h
+++ b/include/linux/swap.h
@@ -311,6 +311,7 @@ extern void lru_add_page_tail(struct page *page, struct page *page_tail,
 			 struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *head);
 extern void activate_page(struct page *);
 extern void mark_page_accessed(struct page *);
+extern void init_page_accessed(struct page *page);
 extern void lru_add_drain(void);
 extern void lru_add_drain_cpu(int cpu);
 extern void lru_add_drain_all(void);