diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/RCU')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/rculist_nulls.txt | 167 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/trace.txt | 413 |
3 files changed, 582 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX b/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX index 0f2a8d081681..9bb62f7b89c3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX @@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ RTFP.txt - List of RCU papers (bibliography) going back to 1980. torture.txt - RCU Torture Test Operation (CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST) +trace.txt + - CONFIG_RCU_TRACE debugfs files and formats UP.txt - RCU on Uniprocessor Systems whatisRCU.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rculist_nulls.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rculist_nulls.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..239f542d48ba --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rculist_nulls.txt @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +Using hlist_nulls to protect read-mostly linked lists and +objects using SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU allocations. + +Please read the basics in Documentation/RCU/listRCU.txt + +Using special makers (called 'nulls') is a convenient way +to solve following problem : + +A typical RCU linked list managing objects which are +allocated with SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU kmem_cache can +use following algos : + +1) Lookup algo +-------------- +rcu_read_lock() +begin: +obj = lockless_lookup(key); +if (obj) { + if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects + goto begin; + /* + * Because a writer could delete object, and a writer could + * reuse these object before the RCU grace period, we + * must check key after geting the reference on object + */ + if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected + put_ref(obj); + goto begin; + } +} +rcu_read_unlock(); + +Beware that lockless_lookup(key) cannot use traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() +but a version with an additional memory barrier (smp_rmb()) + +lockless_lookup(key) +{ + struct hlist_node *node, *next; + for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first); + pos && ({ next = pos->next; smp_rmb(); prefetch(next); 1; }) && + ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; }); + pos = rcu_dereference(next)) + if (obj->key == key) + return obj; + return NULL; + +And note the traditional hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() misses this smp_rmb() : + + struct hlist_node *node; + for (pos = rcu_dereference((head)->first); + pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1; }) && + ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1; }); + pos = rcu_dereference(pos->next)) + if (obj->key == key) + return obj; + return NULL; +} + +Quoting Corey Minyard : + +"If the object is moved from one list to another list in-between the + time the hash is calculated and the next field is accessed, and the + object has moved to the end of a new list, the traversal will not + complete properly on the list it should have, since the object will + be on the end of the new list and there's not a way to tell it's on a + new list and restart the list traversal. I think that this can be + solved by pre-fetching the "next" field (with proper barriers) before + checking the key." + +2) Insert algo : +---------------- + +We need to make sure a reader cannot read the new 'obj->obj_next' value +and previous value of 'obj->key'. Or else, an item could be deleted +from a chain, and inserted into another chain. If new chain was empty +before the move, 'next' pointer is NULL, and lockless reader can +not detect it missed following items in original chain. + +/* + * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list, + * not in the middle or end. + */ +obj = kmem_cache_alloc(...); +lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock() +obj->key = key; +atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt); +/* + * we need to make sure obj->key is updated before obj->next + */ +smp_wmb(); +hlist_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list); +unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock() + + +3) Remove algo +-------------- +Nothing special here, we can use a standard RCU hlist deletion. +But thanks to SLAB_DESTROY_BY_RCU, beware a deleted object can be reused +very very fast (before the end of RCU grace period) + +if (put_last_reference_on(obj) { + lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock() + hlist_del_init_rcu(&obj->obj_node); + unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock() + kmem_cache_free(cachep, obj); +} + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------- +With hlist_nulls we can avoid extra smp_rmb() in lockless_lookup() +and extra smp_wmb() in insert function. + +For example, if we choose to store the slot number as the 'nulls' +end-of-list marker for each slot of the hash table, we can detect +a race (some writer did a delete and/or a move of an object +to another chain) checking the final 'nulls' value if +the lookup met the end of chain. If final 'nulls' value +is not the slot number, then we must restart the lookup at +the begining. If the object was moved to same chain, +then the reader doesnt care : It might eventually +scan the list again without harm. + + +1) lookup algo + + head = &table[slot]; + rcu_read_lock(); +begin: + hlist_nulls_for_each_entry_rcu(obj, node, head, member) { + if (obj->key == key) { + if (!try_get_ref(obj)) // might fail for free objects + goto begin; + if (obj->key != key) { // not the object we expected + put_ref(obj); + goto begin; + } + goto out; + } +/* + * if the nulls value we got at the end of this lookup is + * not the expected one, we must restart lookup. + * We probably met an item that was moved to another chain. + */ + if (get_nulls_value(node) != slot) + goto begin; + obj = NULL; + +out: + rcu_read_unlock(); + +2) Insert function : +-------------------- + +/* + * Please note that new inserts are done at the head of list, + * not in the middle or end. + */ +obj = kmem_cache_alloc(cachep); +lock_chain(); // typically a spin_lock() +obj->key = key; +atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1); +/* + * insert obj in RCU way (readers might be traversing chain) + */ +hlist_nulls_add_head_rcu(&obj->obj_node, list); +unlock_chain(); // typically a spin_unlock() diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt b/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..068848240a8b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt @@ -0,0 +1,413 @@ +CONFIG_RCU_TRACE debugfs Files and Formats + + +The rcupreempt and rcutree implementations of RCU provide debugfs trace +output that summarizes counters and state. This information is useful for +debugging RCU itself, and can sometimes also help to debug abuses of RCU. +Note that the rcuclassic implementation of RCU does not provide debugfs +trace output. + +The following sections describe the debugfs files and formats for +preemptable RCU (rcupreempt) and hierarchical RCU (rcutree). + + +Preemptable RCU debugfs Files and Formats + +This implementation of RCU provides three debugfs files under the +top-level directory RCU: rcu/rcuctrs (which displays the per-CPU +counters used by preemptable RCU) rcu/rcugp (which displays grace-period +counters), and rcu/rcustats (which internal counters for debugging RCU). + +The output of "cat rcu/rcuctrs" looks as follows: + +CPU last cur F M + 0 5 -5 0 0 + 1 -1 0 0 0 + 2 0 1 0 0 + 3 0 1 0 0 + 4 0 1 0 0 + 5 0 1 0 0 + 6 0 2 0 0 + 7 0 -1 0 0 + 8 0 1 0 0 +ggp = 26226, state = waitzero + +The per-CPU fields are as follows: + +o "CPU" gives the CPU number. Offline CPUs are not displayed. + +o "last" gives the value of the counter that is being decremented + for the current grace period phase. In the example above, + the counters sum to 4, indicating that there are still four + RCU read-side critical sections still running that started + before the last counter flip. + +o "cur" gives the value of the counter that is currently being + both incremented (by rcu_read_lock()) and decremented (by + rcu_read_unlock()). In the example above, the counters sum to + 1, indicating that there is only one RCU read-side critical section + still running that started after the last counter flip. + +o "F" indicates whether RCU is waiting for this CPU to acknowledge + a counter flip. In the above example, RCU is not waiting on any, + which is consistent with the state being "waitzero" rather than + "waitack". + +o "M" indicates whether RCU is waiting for this CPU to execute a + memory barrier. In the above example, RCU is not waiting on any, + which is consistent with the state being "waitzero" rather than + "waitmb". + +o "ggp" is the global grace-period counter. + +o "state" is the RCU state, which can be one of the following: + + o "idle": there is no grace period in progress. + + o "waitack": RCU just incremented the global grace-period + counter, which has the effect of reversing the roles of + the "last" and "cur" counters above, and is waiting for + all the CPUs to acknowledge the flip. Once the flip has + been acknowledged, CPUs will no longer be incrementing + what are now the "last" counters, so that their sum will + decrease monotonically down to zero. + + o "waitzero": RCU is waiting for the sum of the "last" counters + to decrease to zero. + + o "waitmb": RCU is waiting for each CPU to execute a memory + barrier, which ensures that instructions from a given CPU's + last RCU read-side critical section cannot be reordered + with instructions following the memory-barrier instruction. + +The output of "cat rcu/rcugp" looks as follows: + +oldggp=48870 newggp=48873 + +Note that reading from this file provokes a synchronize_rcu(). The +"oldggp" value is that of "ggp" from rcu/rcuctrs above, taken before +executing the synchronize_rcu(), and the "newggp" value is also the +"ggp" value, but taken after the synchronize_rcu() command returns. + + +The output of "cat rcu/rcugp" looks as follows: + +na=1337955 nl=40 wa=1337915 wl=44 da=1337871 dl=0 dr=1337871 di=1337871 +1=50989 e1=6138 i1=49722 ie1=82 g1=49640 a1=315203 ae1=265563 a2=49640 +z1=1401244 ze1=1351605 z2=49639 m1=5661253 me1=5611614 m2=49639 + +These are counters tracking internal preemptable-RCU events, however, +some of them may be useful for debugging algorithms using RCU. In +particular, the "nl", "wl", and "dl" values track the number of RCU +callbacks in various states. The fields are as follows: + +o "na" is the total number of RCU callbacks that have been enqueued + since boot. + +o "nl" is the number of RCU callbacks waiting for the previous + grace period to end so that they can start waiting on the next + grace period. + +o "wa" is the total number of RCU callbacks that have started waiting + for a grace period since boot. "na" should be roughly equal to + "nl" plus "wa". + +o "wl" is the number of RCU callbacks currently waiting for their + grace period to end. + +o "da" is the total number of RCU callbacks whose grace periods + have completed since boot. "wa" should be roughly equal to + "wl" plus "da". + +o "dr" is the total number of RCU callbacks that have been removed + from the list of callbacks ready to invoke. "dr" should be roughly + equal to "da". + +o "di" is the total number of RCU callbacks that have been invoked + since boot. "di" should be roughly equal to "da", though some + early versions of preemptable RCU had a bug so that only the + last CPU's count of invocations was displayed, rather than the + sum of all CPU's counts. + +o "1" is the number of calls to rcu_try_flip(). This should be + roughly equal to the sum of "e1", "i1", "a1", "z1", and "m1" + described below. In other words, the number of times that + the state machine is visited should be equal to the sum of the + number of times that each state is visited plus the number of + times that the state-machine lock acquisition failed. + +o "e1" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip() was unable to + acquire the fliplock. + +o "i1" is the number of calls to rcu_try_flip_idle(). + +o "ie1" is the number of times rcu_try_flip_idle() exited early + due to the calling CPU having no work for RCU. + +o "g1" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_idle() decided + to start a new grace period. "i1" should be roughly equal to + "ie1" plus "g1". + +o "a1" is the number of calls to rcu_try_flip_waitack(). + +o "ae1" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_waitack() found + that at least one CPU had not yet acknowledge the new grace period + (AKA "counter flip"). + +o "a2" is the number of time rcu_try_flip_waitack() found that + all CPUs had acknowledged. "a1" should be roughly equal to + "ae1" plus "a2". (This particular output was collected on + a 128-CPU machine, hence the smaller-than-usual fraction of + calls to rcu_try_flip_waitack() finding all CPUs having already + acknowledged.) + +o "z1" is the number of calls to rcu_try_flip_waitzero(). + +o "ze1" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_waitzero() found + that not all of the old RCU read-side critical sections had + completed. + +o "z2" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_waitzero() finds + the sum of the counters equal to zero, in other words, that + all of the old RCU read-side critical sections had completed. + The value of "z1" should be roughly equal to "ze1" plus + "z2". + +o "m1" is the number of calls to rcu_try_flip_waitmb(). + +o "me1" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_waitmb() finds + that at least one CPU has not yet executed a memory barrier. + +o "m2" is the number of times that rcu_try_flip_waitmb() finds that + all CPUs have executed a memory barrier. + + +Hierarchical RCU debugfs Files and Formats + +This implementation of RCU provides three debugfs files under the +top-level directory RCU: rcu/rcudata (which displays fields in struct +rcu_data), rcu/rcugp (which displays grace-period counters), and +rcu/rcuhier (which displays the struct rcu_node hierarchy). + +The output of "cat rcu/rcudata" looks as follows: + +rcu: + 0 c=4011 g=4012 pq=1 pqc=4011 qp=0 rpfq=1 rp=3c2a dt=23301/73 dn=2 df=1882 of=0 ri=2126 ql=2 b=10 + 1 c=4011 g=4012 pq=1 pqc=4011 qp=0 rpfq=3 rp=39a6 dt=78073/1 dn=2 df=1402 of=0 ri=1875 ql=46 b=10 + 2 c=4010 g=4010 pq=1 pqc=4010 qp=0 rpfq=-5 rp=1d12 dt=16646/0 dn=2 df=3140 of=0 ri=2080 ql=0 b=10 + 3 c=4012 g=4013 pq=1 pqc=4012 qp=1 rpfq=3 rp=2b50 dt=21159/1 dn=2 df=2230 of=0 ri=1923 ql=72 b=10 + 4 c=4012 g=4013 pq=1 pqc=4012 qp=1 rpfq=3 rp=1644 dt=5783/1 dn=2 df=3348 of=0 ri=2805 ql=7 b=10 + 5 c=4012 g=4013 pq=0 pqc=4011 qp=1 rpfq=3 rp=1aac dt=5879/1 dn=2 df=3140 of=0 ri=2066 ql=10 b=10 + 6 c=4012 g=4013 pq=1 pqc=4012 qp=1 rpfq=3 rp=ed8 dt=5847/1 dn=2 df=3797 of=0 ri=1266 ql=10 b=10 + 7 c=4012 g=4013 pq=1 pqc=4012 qp=1 rpfq=3 rp=1fa2 dt=6199/1 dn=2 df=2795 of=0 ri=2162 ql=28 b=10 +rcu_bh: + 0 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=0 rpfq=-145 rp=21d6 dt=23301/73 dn=2 df=0 of=0 ri=0 ql=0 b=10 + 1 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-170 rp=20ce dt=78073/1 dn=2 df=26 of=0 ri=5 ql=0 b=10 + 2 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-83 rp=fbd dt=16646/0 dn=2 df=28 of=0 ri=4 ql=0 b=10 + 3 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=0 rpfq=-105 rp=178c dt=21159/1 dn=2 df=28 of=0 ri=2 ql=0 b=10 + 4 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-30 rp=b54 dt=5783/1 dn=2 df=32 of=0 ri=0 ql=0 b=10 + 5 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-29 rp=df5 dt=5879/1 dn=2 df=30 of=0 ri=3 ql=0 b=10 + 6 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-28 rp=788 dt=5847/1 dn=2 df=32 of=0 ri=0 ql=0 b=10 + 7 c=-268 g=-268 pq=1 pqc=-268 qp=1 rpfq=-53 rp=1098 dt=6199/1 dn=2 df=30 of=0 ri=3 ql=0 b=10 + +The first section lists the rcu_data structures for rcu, the second for +rcu_bh. Each section has one line per CPU, or eight for this 8-CPU system. +The fields are as follows: + +o The number at the beginning of each line is the CPU number. + CPUs numbers followed by an exclamation mark are offline, + but have been online at least once since boot. There will be + no output for CPUs that have never been online, which can be + a good thing in the surprisingly common case where NR_CPUS is + substantially larger than the number of actual CPUs. + +o "c" is the count of grace periods that this CPU believes have + completed. CPUs in dynticks idle mode may lag quite a ways + behind, for example, CPU 4 under "rcu" above, which has slept + through the past 25 RCU grace periods. It is not unusual to + see CPUs lagging by thousands of grace periods. + +o "g" is the count of grace periods that this CPU believes have + started. Again, CPUs in dynticks idle mode may lag behind. + If the "c" and "g" values are equal, this CPU has already + reported a quiescent state for the last RCU grace period that + it is aware of, otherwise, the CPU believes that it owes RCU a + quiescent state. + +o "pq" indicates that this CPU has passed through a quiescent state + for the current grace period. It is possible for "pq" to be + "1" and "c" different than "g", which indicates that although + the CPU has passed through a quiescent state, either (1) this + CPU has not yet reported that fact, (2) some other CPU has not + yet reported for this grace period, or (3) both. + +o "pqc" indicates which grace period the last-observed quiescent + state for this CPU corresponds to. This is important for handling + the race between CPU 0 reporting an extended dynticks-idle + quiescent state for CPU 1 and CPU 1 suddenly waking up and + reporting its own quiescent state. If CPU 1 was the last CPU + for the current grace period, then the CPU that loses this race + will attempt to incorrectly mark CPU 1 as having checked in for + the next grace period! + +o "qp" indicates that RCU still expects a quiescent state from + this CPU. + +o "rpfq" is the number of rcu_pending() calls on this CPU required + to induce this CPU to invoke force_quiescent_state(). + +o "rp" is low-order four hex digits of the count of how many times + rcu_pending() has been invoked on this CPU. + +o "dt" is the current value of the dyntick counter that is incremented + when entering or leaving dynticks idle state, either by the + scheduler or by irq. The number after the "/" is the interrupt + nesting depth when in dyntick-idle state, or one greater than + the interrupt-nesting depth otherwise. + + This field is displayed only for CONFIG_NO_HZ kernels. + +o "dn" is the current value of the dyntick counter that is incremented + when entering or leaving dynticks idle state via NMI. If both + the "dt" and "dn" values are even, then this CPU is in dynticks + idle mode and may be ignored by RCU. If either of these two + counters is odd, then RCU must be alert to the possibility of + an RCU read-side critical section running on this CPU. + + This field is displayed only for CONFIG_NO_HZ kernels. + +o "df" is the number of times that some other CPU has forced a + quiescent state on behalf of this CPU due to this CPU being in + dynticks-idle state. + + This field is displayed only for CONFIG_NO_HZ kernels. + +o "of" is the number of times that some other CPU has forced a + quiescent state on behalf of this CPU due to this CPU being + offline. In a perfect world, this might neve happen, but it + turns out that offlining and onlining a CPU can take several grace + periods, and so there is likely to be an extended period of time + when RCU believes that the CPU is online when it really is not. + Please note that erring in the other direction (RCU believing a + CPU is offline when it is really alive and kicking) is a fatal + error, so it makes sense to err conservatively. + +o "ri" is the number of times that RCU has seen fit to send a + reschedule IPI to this CPU in order to get it to report a + quiescent state. + +o "ql" is the number of RCU callbacks currently residing on + this CPU. This is the total number of callbacks, regardless + of what state they are in (new, waiting for grace period to + start, waiting for grace period to end, ready to invoke). + +o "b" is the batch limit for this CPU. If more than this number + of RCU callbacks is ready to invoke, then the remainder will + be deferred. + + +The output of "cat rcu/rcugp" looks as follows: + +rcu: completed=33062 gpnum=33063 +rcu_bh: completed=464 gpnum=464 + +Again, this output is for both "rcu" and "rcu_bh". The fields are +taken from the rcu_state structure, and are as follows: + +o "completed" is the number of grace periods that have completed. + It is comparable to the "c" field from rcu/rcudata in that a + CPU whose "c" field matches the value of "completed" is aware + that the corresponding RCU grace period has completed. + +o "gpnum" is the number of grace periods that have started. It is + comparable to the "g" field from rcu/rcudata in that a CPU + whose "g" field matches the value of "gpnum" is aware that the + corresponding RCU grace period has started. + + If these two fields are equal (as they are for "rcu_bh" above), + then there is no grace period in progress, in other words, RCU + is idle. On the other hand, if the two fields differ (as they + do for "rcu" above), then an RCU grace period is in progress. + + +The output of "cat rcu/rcuhier" looks as follows, with very long lines: + +c=6902 g=6903 s=2 jfq=3 j=72c7 nfqs=13142/nfqsng=0(13142) fqlh=6 +1/1 0:127 ^0 +3/3 0:35 ^0 0/0 36:71 ^1 0/0 72:107 ^2 0/0 108:127 ^3 +3/3f 0:5 ^0 2/3 6:11 ^1 0/0 12:17 ^2 0/0 18:23 ^3 0/0 24:29 ^4 0/0 30:35 ^5 0/0 36:41 ^0 0/0 42:47 ^1 0/0 48:53 ^2 0/0 54:59 ^3 0/0 60:65 ^4 0/0 66:71 ^5 0/0 72:77 ^0 0/0 78:83 ^1 0/0 84:89 ^2 0/0 90:95 ^3 0/0 96:101 ^4 0/0 102:107 ^5 0/0 108:113 ^0 0/0 114:119 ^1 0/0 120:125 ^2 0/0 126:127 ^3 +rcu_bh: +c=-226 g=-226 s=1 jfq=-5701 j=72c7 nfqs=88/nfqsng=0(88) fqlh=0 +0/1 0:127 ^0 +0/3 0:35 ^0 0/0 36:71 ^1 0/0 72:107 ^2 0/0 108:127 ^3 +0/3f 0:5 ^0 0/3 6:11 ^1 0/0 12:17 ^2 0/0 18:23 ^3 0/0 24:29 ^4 0/0 30:35 ^5 0/0 36:41 ^0 0/0 42:47 ^1 0/0 48:53 ^2 0/0 54:59 ^3 0/0 60:65 ^4 0/0 66:71 ^5 0/0 72:77 ^0 0/0 78:83 ^1 0/0 84:89 ^2 0/0 90:95 ^3 0/0 96:101 ^4 0/0 102:107 ^5 0/0 108:113 ^0 0/0 114:119 ^1 0/0 120:125 ^2 0/0 126:127 ^3 + +This is once again split into "rcu" and "rcu_bh" portions. The fields are +as follows: + +o "c" is exactly the same as "completed" under rcu/rcugp. + +o "g" is exactly the same as "gpnum" under rcu/rcugp. + +o "s" is the "signaled" state that drives force_quiescent_state()'s + state machine. + +o "jfq" is the number of jiffies remaining for this grace period + before force_quiescent_state() is invoked to help push things + along. Note that CPUs in dyntick-idle mode thoughout the grace + period will not report on their own, but rather must be check by + some other CPU via force_quiescent_state(). + +o "j" is the low-order four hex digits of the jiffies counter. + Yes, Paul did run into a number of problems that turned out to + be due to the jiffies counter no longer counting. Why do you ask? + +o "nfqs" is the number of calls to force_quiescent_state() since + boot. + +o "nfqsng" is the number of useless calls to force_quiescent_state(), + where there wasn't actually a grace period active. This can + happen due to races. The number in parentheses is the difference + between "nfqs" and "nfqsng", or the number of times that + force_quiescent_state() actually did some real work. + +o "fqlh" is the number of calls to force_quiescent_state() that + exited immediately (without even being counted in nfqs above) + due to contention on ->fqslock. + +o Each element of the form "1/1 0:127 ^0" represents one struct + rcu_node. Each line represents one level of the hierarchy, from + root to leaves. It is best to think of the rcu_data structures + as forming yet another level after the leaves. Note that there + might be either one, two, or three levels of rcu_node structures, + depending on the relationship between CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT and + CONFIG_NR_CPUS. + + o The numbers separated by the "/" are the qsmask followed + by the qsmaskinit. The qsmask will have one bit + set for each entity in the next lower level that + has not yet checked in for the current grace period. + The qsmaskinit will have one bit for each entity that is + currently expected to check in during each grace period. + The value of qsmaskinit is assigned to that of qsmask + at the beginning of each grace period. + + For example, for "rcu", the qsmask of the first entry + of the lowest level is 0x14, meaning that we are still + waiting for CPUs 2 and 4 to check in for the current + grace period. + + o The numbers separated by the ":" are the range of CPUs + served by this struct rcu_node. This can be helpful + in working out how the hierarchy is wired together. + + For example, the first entry at the lowest level shows + "0:5", indicating that it covers CPUs 0 through 5. + + o The number after the "^" indicates the bit in the + next higher level rcu_node structure that this + rcu_node structure corresponds to. + + For example, the first entry at the lowest level shows + "^0", indicating that it corresponds to bit zero in + the first entry at the middle level. |