/* * linux/mm/vmscan.c * * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Linus Torvalds * * Swap reorganised 29.12.95, Stephen Tweedie. * kswapd added: 7.1.96 sct * Removed kswapd_ctl limits, and swap out as many pages as needed * to bring the system back to freepages.high: 2.4.97, Rik van Riel. * Zone aware kswapd started 02/00, Kanoj Sarcar (kanoj@sgi.com). * Multiqueue VM started 5.8.00, Rik van Riel. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include /* for try_to_release_page(), buffer_heads_over_limit */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "internal.h" #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS #include struct scan_control { /* Incremented by the number of inactive pages that were scanned */ unsigned long nr_scanned; /* Number of pages freed so far during a call to shrink_zones() */ unsigned long nr_reclaimed; /* How many pages shrink_list() should reclaim */ unsigned long nr_to_reclaim; unsigned long hibernation_mode; /* This context's GFP mask */ gfp_t gfp_mask; int may_writepage; /* Can mapped pages be reclaimed? */ int may_unmap; /* Can pages be swapped as part of reclaim? */ int may_swap; int order; /* Scan (total_size >> priority) pages at once */ int priority; /* * The memory cgroup that hit its limit and as a result is the * primary target of this reclaim invocation. */ struct mem_cgroup *target_mem_cgroup; /* * Nodemask of nodes allowed by the caller. If NULL, all nodes * are scanned. */ nodemask_t *nodemask; }; #define lru_to_page(_head) (list_entry((_head)->prev, struct page, lru)) #ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCH #define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \ do { \ if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \ struct page *prev; \ \ prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \ prefetch(&prev->_field); \ } \ } while (0) #else #define prefetch_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0) #endif #ifdef ARCH_HAS_PREFETCHW #define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) \ do { \ if ((_page)->lru.prev != _base) { \ struct page *prev; \ \ prev = lru_to_page(&(_page->lru)); \ prefetchw(&prev->_field); \ } \ } while (0) #else #define prefetchw_prev_lru_page(_page, _base, _field) do { } while (0) #endif /* * From 0 .. 100. Higher means more swappy. */ int vm_swappiness = 60; unsigned long vm_total_pages; /* The total number of pages which the VM controls */ static LIST_HEAD(shrinker_list); static DECLARE_RWSEM(shrinker_rwsem); #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc) { return !sc->target_mem_cgroup; } #else static bool global_reclaim(struct scan_control *sc) { return true; } #endif static unsigned long zone_reclaimable_pages(struct zone *zone) { int nr; nr = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) + zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE); if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0) nr += zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON) + zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON); return nr; } bool zone_reclaimable(struct zone *zone) { return zone->pages_scanned < zone_reclaimable_pages(zone) * 6; } static unsigned long get_lru_size(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list lru) { if (!mem_cgroup_disabled()) return mem_cgroup_get_lru_size(lruvec, lru); return zone_page_state(lruvec_zone(lruvec), NR_LRU_BASE + lru); } /* * Add a shrinker callback to be called from the vm. */ int register_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker) { size_t size = sizeof(*shrinker->nr_deferred); /* * If we only have one possible node in the system anyway, save * ourselves the trouble and disable NUMA aware behavior. This way we * will save memory and some small loop time later. */ if (nr_node_ids == 1) shrinker->flags &= ~SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE; if (shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE) size *= nr_node_ids; shrinker->nr_deferred = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL); if (!shrinker->nr_deferred) return -ENOMEM; down_write(&shrinker_rwsem); list_add_tail(&shrinker->list, &shrinker_list); up_write(&shrinker_rwsem); return 0; } EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_shrinker); /* * Remove one */ void unregister_shrinker(struct shrinker *shrinker) { down_write(&shrinker_rwsem); list_del(&shrinker->list); up_write(&shrinker_rwsem); kfree(shrinker->nr_deferred); } EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_shrinker); #define SHRINK_BATCH 128 static unsigned long shrink_slab_node(struct shrink_control *shrinkctl, struct shrinker *shrinker, unsigned long nr_pages_scanned, unsigned long lru_pages) { unsigned long freed = 0; unsigned long long delta; long total_scan; long freeable; long nr; long new_nr; int nid = shrinkctl->nid; long batch_size = shrinker->batch ? shrinker->batch : SHRINK_BATCH; freeable = shrinker->count_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl); if (freeable == 0) return 0; /* * copy the current shrinker scan count into a local variable * and zero it so that other concurrent shrinker invocations * don't also do this scanning work. */ nr = atomic_long_xchg(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid], 0); total_scan = nr; delta = (4 * nr_pages_scanned) / shrinker->seeks; delta *= freeable; do_div(delta, lru_pages + 1); total_scan += delta; if (total_scan < 0) { printk(KERN_ERR "shrink_slab: %pF negative objects to delete nr=%ld\n", shrinker->scan_objects, total_scan); total_scan = freeable; } /* * We need to avoid excessive windup on filesystem shrinkers * due to large numbers of GFP_NOFS allocations causing the * shrinkers to return -1 all the time. This results in a large * nr being built up so when a shrink that can do some work * comes along it empties the entire cache due to nr >>> * freeable. This is bad for sustaining a working set in * memory. * * Hence only allow the shrinker to scan the entire cache when * a large delta change is calculated directly. */ if (delta < freeable / 4) total_scan = min(total_scan, freeable / 2); /* * Avoid risking looping forever due to too large nr value: * never try to free more than twice the estimate number of * freeable entries. */ if (total_scan > freeable * 2) total_scan = freeable * 2; trace_mm_shrink_slab_start(shrinker, shrinkctl, nr, nr_pages_scanned, lru_pages, freeable, delta, total_scan); /* * Normally, we should not scan less than batch_size objects in one * pass to avoid too frequent shrinker calls, but if the slab has less * than batch_size objects in total and we are really tight on memory, * we will try to reclaim all available objects, otherwise we can end * up failing allocations although there are plenty of reclaimable * objects spread over several slabs with usage less than the * batch_size. * * We detect the "tight on memory" situations by looking at the total * number of objects we want to scan (total_scan). If it is greater * than the total number of objects on slab (freeable), we must be * scanning at high prio and therefore should try to reclaim as much as * possible. */ while (total_scan >= batch_size || total_scan >= freeable) { unsigned long ret; unsigned long nr_to_scan = min(batch_size, total_scan); shrinkctl->nr_to_scan = nr_to_scan; ret = shrinker->scan_objects(shrinker, shrinkctl); if (ret == SHRINK_STOP) break; freed += ret; count_vm_events(SLABS_SCANNED, nr_to_scan); total_scan -= nr_to_scan; cond_resched(); } /* * move the unused scan count back into the shrinker in a * manner that handles concurrent updates. If we exhausted the * scan, there is no need to do an update. */ if (total_scan > 0) new_nr = atomic_long_add_return(total_scan, &shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]); else new_nr = atomic_long_read(&shrinker->nr_deferred[nid]); trace_mm_shrink_slab_end(shrinker, freed, nr, new_nr); return freed; } /* * Call the shrink functions to age shrinkable caches * * Here we assume it costs one seek to replace a lru page and that it also * takes a seek to recreate a cache object. With this in mind we age equal * percentages of the lru and ageable caches. This should balance the seeks * generated by these structures. * * If the vm encountered mapped pages on the LRU it increase the pressure on * slab to avoid swapping. * * We do weird things to avoid (scanned*seeks*entries) overflowing 32 bits. * * `lru_pages' represents the number of on-LRU pages in all the zones which * are eligible for the caller's allocation attempt. It is used for balancing * slab reclaim versus page reclaim. * * Returns the number of slab objects which we shrunk. */ unsigned long shrink_slab(struct shrink_control *shrinkctl, unsigned long nr_pages_scanned, unsigned long lru_pages) { struct shrinker *shrinker; unsigned long freed = 0; if (nr_pages_scanned == 0) nr_pages_scanned = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX; if (!down_read_trylock(&shrinker_rwsem)) { /* * If we would return 0, our callers would understand that we * have nothing else to shrink and give up trying. By returning * 1 we keep it going and assume we'll be able to shrink next * time. */ freed = 1; goto out; } list_for_each_entry(shrinker, &shrinker_list, list) { if (!(shrinker->flags & SHRINKER_NUMA_AWARE)) { shrinkctl->nid = 0; freed += shrink_slab_node(shrinkctl, shrinker, nr_pages_scanned, lru_pages); continue; } for_each_node_mask(shrinkctl->nid, shrinkctl->nodes_to_scan) { if (node_online(shrinkctl->nid)) freed += shrink_slab_node(shrinkctl, shrinker, nr_pages_scanned, lru_pages); } } up_read(&shrinker_rwsem); out: cond_resched(); return freed; } static inline int is_page_cache_freeable(struct page *page) { /* * A freeable page cache page is referenced only by the caller * that isolated the page, the page cache radix tree and * optional buffer heads at page->private. */ return page_count(page) - page_has_private(page) == 2; } static int may_write_to_queue(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct scan_control *sc) { if (current->flags & PF_SWAPWRITE) return 1; if (!bdi_write_congested(bdi)) return 1; if (bdi == current->backing_dev_info) return 1; return 0; } /* * We detected a synchronous write error writing a page out. Probably * -ENOSPC. We need to propagate that into the address_space for a subsequent * fsync(), msync() or close(). * * The tricky part is that after writepage we cannot touch the mapping: nothing * prevents it from being freed up. But we have a ref on the page and once * that page is locked, the mapping is pinned. * * We're allowed to run sleeping lock_page() here because we know the caller has * __GFP_FS. */ static void handle_write_error(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page, int error) { lock_page(page); if (page_mapping(page) == mapping) mapping_set_error(mapping, error); unlock_page(page); } /* possible outcome of pageout() */ typedef enum { /* failed to write page out, page is locked */ PAGE_KEEP, /* move page to the active list, page is locked */ PAGE_ACTIVATE, /* page has been sent to the disk successfully, page is unlocked */ PAGE_SUCCESS, /* page is clean and locked */ PAGE_CLEAN, } pageout_t; /* * pageout is called by shrink_page_list() for each dirty page. * Calls ->writepage(). */ static pageout_t pageout(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, struct scan_control *sc) { /* * If the page is dirty, only perform writeback if that write * will be non-blocking. To prevent this allocation from being * stalled by pagecache activity. But note that there may be * stalls if we need to run get_block(). We could test * PagePrivate for that. * * If this process is currently in __generic_file_aio_write() against * this page's queue, we can perform writeback even if that * will block. * * If the page is swapcache, write it back even if that would * block, for some throttling. This happens by accident, because * swap_backing_dev_info is bust: it doesn't reflect the * congestion state of the swapdevs. Easy to fix, if needed. */ if (!is_page_cache_freeable(page)) return PAGE_KEEP; if (!mapping) { /* * Some data journaling orphaned pages can have * page->mapping == NULL while being dirty with clean buffers. */ if (page_has_private(page)) { if (try_to_free_buffers(page)) { ClearPageDirty(page); printk("%s: orphaned page\n", __func__); return PAGE_CLEAN; } } return PAGE_KEEP; } if (mapping->a_ops->writepage == NULL) return PAGE_ACTIVATE; if (!may_write_to_queue(mapping->backing_dev_info, sc)) return PAGE_KEEP; if (clear_page_dirty_for_io(page)) { int res; struct writeback_control wbc = { .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE, .nr_to_write = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, .range_start = 0, .range_end = LLONG_MAX, .for_reclaim = 1, }; SetPageReclaim(page); res = mapping->a_ops->writepage(page, &wbc); if (res < 0) handle_write_error(mapping, page, res); if (res == AOP_WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE) { ClearPageReclaim(page); return PAGE_ACTIVATE; } if (!PageWriteback(page)) { /* synchronous write or broken a_ops? */ ClearPageReclaim(page); } trace_mm_vmscan_writepage(page, trace_reclaim_flags(page)); inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_WRITE); return PAGE_SUCCESS; } return PAGE_CLEAN; } /* * Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it * gets returned with a refcount of 0. */ static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) { BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page)); BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page)); spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); /* * The non racy check for a busy page. * * Must be careful with the order of the tests. When someone has * a ref to the page, it may be possible that they dirty it then * drop the reference. So if PageDirty is tested before page_count * here, then the following race may occur: * * get_user_pages(&page); * [user mapping goes away] * write_to(page); * !PageDirty(page) [good] * SetPageDirty(page); * put_page(page); * !page_count(page) [good, discard it] * * [oops, our write_to data is lost] * * Reversing the order of the tests ensures such a situation cannot * escape unnoticed. The smp_rmb is needed to ensure the page->flags * load is not satisfied before that of page->_count. * * Note that if SetPageDirty is always performed via set_page_dirty, * and thus under tree_lock, then this ordering is not required. */ if (!page_freeze_refs(page, 2)) goto cannot_free; /* note: atomic_cmpxchg in page_freeze_refs provides the smp_rmb */ if (unlikely(PageDirty(page))) { page_unfreeze_refs(page, 2); goto cannot_free; } if (PageSwapCache(page)) { swp_entry_t swap = { .val = page_private(page) }; __delete_from_swap_cache(page); spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); swapcache_free(swap, page); } else { void (*freepage)(struct page *); freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage; __delete_from_page_cache(page); spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page); if (freepage != NULL) freepage(page); } return 1; cannot_free: spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); return 0; } /* * Attempt to detach a locked page from its ->mapping. If it is dirty or if * someone else has a ref on the page, abort and return 0. If it was * successfully detached, return 1. Assumes the caller has a single ref on * this page. */ int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) { if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) { /* * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another * atomic operation. */ page_unfreeze_refs(page, 1); return 1; } return 0; } /** * putback_lru_page - put previously isolated page onto appropriate LRU list * @page: page to be put back to appropriate lru list * * Add previously isolated @page to appropriate LRU list. * Page may still be unevictable for other reasons. * * lru_lock must not be held, interrupts must be enabled. */ void putback_lru_page(struct page *page) { bool is_unevictable; int was_unevictable = PageUnevictable(page); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page); redo: ClearPageUnevictable(page); if (page_evictable(page)) { /* * For evictable pages, we can use the cache. * In event of a race, worst case is we end up with an * unevictable page on [in]active list. * We know how to handle that. */ is_unevictable = false; lru_cache_add(page); } else { /* * Put unevictable pages directly on zone's unevictable * list. */ is_unevictable = true; add_page_to_unevictable_list(page); /* * When racing with an mlock or AS_UNEVICTABLE clearing * (page is unlocked) make sure that if the other thread * does not observe our setting of PG_lru and fails * isolation/check_move_unevictable_pages, * we see PG_mlocked/AS_UNEVICTABLE cleared below and move * the page back to the evictable list. * * The other side is TestClearPageMlocked() or shmem_lock(). */ smp_mb(); } /* * page's status can change while we move it among lru. If an evictable * page is on unevictable list, it never be freed. To avoid that, * check after we added it to the list, again. */ if (is_unevictable && page_evictable(page)) { if (!isolate_lru_page(page)) { put_page(page); goto redo; } /* This means someone else dropped this page from LRU * So, it will be freed or putback to LRU again. There is * nothing to do here. */ } if (was_unevictable && !is_unevictable) count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED); else if (!was_unevictable && is_unevictable) count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGCULLED); put_page(page); /* drop ref from isolate */ } enum page_references { PAGEREF_RECLAIM, PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN, PAGEREF_KEEP, PAGEREF_ACTIVATE, }; static enum page_references page_check_references(struct page *page, struct scan_control *sc) { int referenced_ptes, referenced_page; unsigned long vm_flags; referenced_ptes = page_referenced(page, 1, sc->target_mem_cgroup, &vm_flags); referenced_page = TestClearPageReferenced(page); /* * Mlock lost the isolation race with us. Let try_to_unmap() * move the page to the unevictable list. */ if (vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) return PAGEREF_RECLAIM; if (referenced_ptes) { if (PageSwapBacked(page)) return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE; /* * All mapped pages start out with page table * references from the instantiating fault, so we need * to look twice if a mapped file page is used more * than once. * * Mark it and spare it for another trip around the * inactive list. Another page table reference will * lead to its activation. * * Note: the mark is set for activated pages as well * so that recently deactivated but used pages are * quickly recovered. */ SetPageReferenced(page); if (referenced_page || referenced_ptes > 1) return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE; /* * Activate file-backed executable pages after first usage. */ if (vm_flags & VM_EXEC) return PAGEREF_ACTIVATE; return PAGEREF_KEEP; } /* Reclaim if clean, defer dirty pages to writeback */ if (referenced_page && !PageSwapBacked(page)) return PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN; return PAGEREF_RECLAIM; } /* Check if a page is dirty or under writeback */ static void page_check_dirty_writeback(struct page *page, bool *dirty, bool *writeback) { struct address_space *mapping; /* * Anonymous pages are not handled by flushers and must be written * from reclaim context. Do not stall reclaim based on them */ if (!page_is_file_cache(page)) { *dirty = false; *writeback = false; return; } /* By default assume that the page flags are accurate */ *dirty = PageDirty(page); *writeback = PageWriteback(page); /* Verify dirty/writeback state if the filesystem supports it */ if (!page_has_private(page)) return; mapping = page_mapping(page); if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback) mapping->a_ops->is_dirty_writeback(page, dirty, writeback); } /* * shrink_page_list() returns the number of reclaimed pages */ static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list, struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc, enum ttu_flags ttu_flags, unsigned long *ret_nr_dirty, unsigned long *ret_nr_unqueued_dirty, unsigned long *ret_nr_congested, unsigned long *ret_nr_writeback, unsigned long *ret_nr_immediate, bool force_reclaim) { LIST_HEAD(ret_pages); LIST_HEAD(free_pages); int pgactivate = 0; unsigned long nr_unqueued_dirty = 0; unsigned long nr_dirty = 0; unsigned long nr_congested = 0; unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0; unsigned long nr_writeback = 0; unsigned long nr_immediate = 0; cond_resched(); mem_cgroup_uncharge_start(); while (!list_empty(page_list)) { struct address_space *mapping; struct page *page; int may_enter_fs; enum page_references references = PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN; bool dirty, writeback; cond_resched(); page = lru_to_page(page_list); list_del(&page->lru); if (!trylock_page(page)) goto keep; VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page_zone(page) != zone, page); sc->nr_scanned++; if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) goto cull_mlocked; if (!sc->may_unmap && page_mapped(page)) goto keep_locked; /* Double the slab pressure for mapped and swapcache pages */ if (page_mapped(page) || PageSwapCache(page)) sc->nr_scanned++; may_enter_fs = (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS) || (PageSwapCache(page) && (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO)); /* * The number of dirty pages determines if a zone is marked * reclaim_congested which affects wait_iff_congested. kswapd * will stall and start writing pages if the tail of the LRU * is all dirty unqueued pages. */ page_check_dirty_writeback(page, &dirty, &writeback); if (dirty || writeback) nr_dirty++; if (dirty && !writeback) nr_unqueued_dirty++; /* * Treat this page as congested if the underlying BDI is or if * pages are cycling through the LRU so quickly that the * pages marked for immediate reclaim are making it to the * end of the LRU a second time. */ mapping = page_mapping(page); if ((mapping && bdi_write_congested(mapping->backing_dev_info)) || (writeback && PageReclaim(page))) nr_congested++; /* * If a page at the tail of the LRU is under writeback, there * are three cases to consider. * * 1) If reclaim is encountering an excessive number of pages * under writeback and this page is both under writeback and * PageReclaim then it indicates that pages are being queued * for IO but are being recycled through the LRU before the * IO can complete. Waiting on the page itself risks an * indefinite stall if it is impossible to writeback the * page due to IO error or disconnected storage so instead * note that the LRU is being scanned too quickly and the * caller can stall after page list has been processed. * * 2) Global reclaim encounters a page, memcg encounters a * page that is not marked for immediate reclaim or * the caller does not have __GFP_IO. In this case mark * the page for immediate reclaim and continue scanning. * * __GFP_IO is checked because a loop driver thread might * enter reclaim, and deadlock if it waits on a page for * which it is needed to do the write (loop masks off * __GFP_IO|__GFP_FS for this reason); but more thought * would probably show more reasons. * * Don't require __GFP_FS, since we're not going into the * FS, just waiting on its writeback completion. Worryingly, * ext4 gfs2 and xfs allocate pages with * grab_cache_page_write_begin(,,AOP_FLAG_NOFS), so testing * may_enter_fs here is liable to OOM on them. * * 3) memcg encounters a page that is not already marked * PageReclaim. memcg does not have any dirty pages * throttling so we could easily OOM just because too many * pages are in writeback and there is nothing else to * reclaim. Wait for the writeback to complete. */ if (PageWriteback(page)) { /* Case 1 above */ if (current_is_kswapd() && PageReclaim(page) && zone_is_reclaim_writeback(zone)) { nr_immediate++; goto keep_locked; /* Case 2 above */ } else if (global_reclaim(sc) || !PageReclaim(page) || !(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO)) { /* * This is slightly racy - end_page_writeback() * might have just cleared PageReclaim, then * setting PageReclaim here end up interpreted * as PageReadahead - but that does not matter * enough to care. What we do want is for this * page to have PageReclaim set next time memcg * reclaim reaches the tests above, so it will * then wait_on_page_writeback() to avoid OOM; * and it's also appropriate in global reclaim. */ SetPageReclaim(page); nr_writeback++; goto keep_locked; /* Case 3 above */ } else { wait_on_page_writeback(page); } } if (!force_reclaim) references = page_check_references(page, sc); switch (references) { case PAGEREF_ACTIVATE: goto activate_locked; case PAGEREF_KEEP: goto keep_locked; case PAGEREF_RECLAIM: case PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN: ; /* try to reclaim the page below */ } /* * Anonymous process memory has backing store? * Try to allocate it some swap space here. */ if (PageAnon(page) && !PageSwapCache(page)) { if (!(sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO)) goto keep_locked; if (!add_to_swap(page, page_list)) goto activate_locked; may_enter_fs = 1; /* Adding to swap updated mapping */ mapping = page_mapping(page); } /* * The page is mapped into the page tables of one or more * processes. Try to unmap it here. */ if (page_mapped(page) && mapping) { switch (try_to_unmap(page, ttu_flags)) { case SWAP_FAIL: goto activate_locked; case SWAP_AGAIN: goto keep_locked; case SWAP_MLOCK: goto cull_mlocked; case SWAP_SUCCESS: ; /* try to free the page below */ } } if (PageDirty(page)) { /* * Only kswapd can writeback filesystem pages to * avoid risk of stack overflow but only writeback * if many dirty pages have been encountered. */ if (page_is_file_cache(page) && (!current_is_kswapd() || !zone_is_reclaim_dirty(zone))) { /* * Immediately reclaim when written back. * Similar in principal to deactivate_page() * except we already have the page isolated * and know it's dirty */ inc_zone_page_state(page, NR_VMSCAN_IMMEDIATE); SetPageReclaim(page); goto keep_locked; } if (references == PAGEREF_RECLAIM_CLEAN) goto keep_locked; if (!may_enter_fs) goto keep_locked; if (!sc->may_writepage) goto keep_locked; /* Page is dirty, try to write it out here */ switch (pageout(page, mapping, sc)) { case PAGE_KEEP: goto keep_locked; case PAGE_ACTIVATE: goto activate_locked; case PAGE_SUCCESS: if (PageWriteback(page)) goto keep; if (PageDirty(page)) goto keep; /* * A synchronous write - probably a ramdisk. Go * ahead and try to reclaim the page. */ if (!trylock_page(page)) goto keep; if (PageDirty(page) || PageWriteback(page)) goto keep_locked; mapping = page_mapping(page); case PAGE_CLEAN: ; /* try to free the page below */ } } /* * If the page has buffers, try to free the buffer mappings * associated with this page. If we succeed we try to free * the page as well. * * We do this even if the page is PageDirty(). * try_to_release_page() does not perform I/O, but it is * possible for a page to have PageDirty set, but it is actually * clean (all its buffers are clean). This happens if the * buffers were written out directly, with submit_bh(). ext3 * will do this, as well as the blockdev mapping. * try_to_release_page() will discover that cleanness and will * drop the buffers and mark the page clean - it can be freed. * * Rarely, pages can have buffers and no ->mapping. These are * the pages which were not successfully invalidated in * truncate_complete_page(). We try to drop those buffers here * and if that worked, and the page is no longer mapped into * process address space (page_count == 1) it can be freed. * Otherwise, leave the page on the LRU so it is swappable. */ if (page_has_private(page)) { if (!try_to_release_page(page, sc->gfp_mask)) goto activate_locked; if (!mapping && page_count(page) == 1) { unlock_page(page); if (put_page_testzero(page)) goto free_it; else { /* * rare race with speculative reference. * the speculative reference will free * this page shortly, so we may * increment nr_reclaimed here (and * leave it off the LRU). */ nr_reclaimed++; continue; } } } if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) goto keep_locked; /* * At this point, we have no other references and there is * no way to pick any more up (removed from LRU, removed * from pagecache). Can use non-atomic bitops now (and * we obviously don't have to worry about waking up a process * waiting on the page lock, because there are no references. */ __clear_page_locked(page); free_it: nr_reclaimed++; /* * Is there need to periodically free_page_list? It would * appear not as the counts should be low */ list_add(&page->lru, &free_pages); continue; cull_mlocked: if (PageSwapCache(page)) try_to_free_swap(page); unlock_page(page); putback_lru_page(page); continue; activate_locked: /* Not a candidate for swapping, so reclaim swap space. */ if (PageSwapCache(page) && vm_swap_full()) try_to_free_swap(page); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page); SetPageActive(page); pgactivate++; keep_locked: unlock_page(page); keep: list_add(&page->lru, &ret_pages); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page) || PageUnevictable(page), page); } free_hot_cold_page_list(&free_pages, true); list_splice(&ret_pages, page_list); count_vm_events(PGACTIVATE, pgactivate); mem_cgroup_uncharge_end(); *ret_nr_dirty += nr_dirty; *ret_nr_congested += nr_congested; *ret_nr_unqueued_dirty += nr_unqueued_dirty; *ret_nr_writeback += nr_writeback; *ret_nr_immediate += nr_immediate; return nr_reclaimed; } unsigned long reclaim_clean_pages_from_list(struct zone *zone, struct list_head *page_list) { struct scan_control sc = { .gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL, .priority = DEF_PRIORITY, .may_unmap = 1, }; unsigned long ret, dummy1, dummy2, dummy3, dummy4, dummy5; struct page *page, *next; LIST_HEAD(clean_pages); list_for_each_entry_safe(page, next, page_list, lru) { if (page_is_file_cache(page) && !PageDirty(page) && !isolated_balloon_page(page)) { ClearPageActive(page); list_move(&page->lru, &clean_pages); } } ret = shrink_page_list(&clean_pages, zone, &sc, TTU_UNMAP|TTU_IGNORE_ACCESS, &dummy1, &dummy2, &dummy3, &dummy4, &dummy5, true); list_splice(&clean_pages, page_list); mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE, -ret); return ret; } /* * Attempt to remove the specified page from its LRU. Only take this page * if it is of the appropriate PageActive status. Pages which are being * freed elsewhere are also ignored. * * page: page to consider * mode: one of the LRU isolation modes defined above * * returns 0 on success, -ve errno on failure. */ int __isolate_lru_page(struct page *page, isolate_mode_t mode) { int ret = -EINVAL; /* Only take pages on the LRU. */ if (!PageLRU(page)) return ret; /* Compaction should not handle unevictable pages but CMA can do so */ if (PageUnevictable(page) && !(mode & ISOLATE_UNEVICTABLE)) return ret; ret = -EBUSY; /* * To minimise LRU disruption, the caller can indicate that it only * wants to isolate pages it will be able to operate on without * blocking - clean pages for the most part. * * ISOLATE_CLEAN means that only clean pages should be isolated. This * is used by reclaim when it is cannot write to backing storage * * ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE is used to indicate that it only wants to pages * that it is possible to migrate without blocking */ if (mode & (ISOLATE_CLEAN|ISOLATE_ASYNC_MIGRATE)) { /* All the caller can do on PageWriteback is block */ if (PageWriteback(page)) return ret; if (PageDirty(page)) { struct address_space *mapping; /* ISOLATE_CLEAN means only clean pages */ if (mode & ISOLATE_CLEAN) return ret; /* * Only pages without mappings or that have a * ->migratepage callback are possible to migrate * without blocking */ mapping = page_mapping(page); if (mapping && !mapping->a_ops->migratepage) return ret; } } if ((mode & ISOLATE_UNMAPPED) && page_mapped(page)) return ret; if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) { /* * Be careful not to clear PageLRU until after we're * sure the page is not being freed elsewhere -- the * page release code relies on it. */ ClearPageLRU(page); ret = 0; } return ret; } /* * zone->lru_lock is heavily contended. Some of the functions that * shrink the lists perform better by taking out a batch of pages * and working on them outside the LRU lock. * * For pagecache intensive workloads, this function is the hottest * spot in the kernel (apart from copy_*_user functions). * * Appropriate locks must be held before calling this function. * * @nr_to_scan: The number of pages to look through on the list. * @lruvec: The LRU vector to pull pages from. * @dst: The temp list to put pages on to. * @nr_scanned: The number of pages that were scanned. * @sc: The scan_control struct for this reclaim session * @mode: One of the LRU isolation modes * @lru: LRU list id for isolating * * returns how many pages were moved onto *@dst. */ static unsigned long isolate_lru_pages(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *dst, unsigned long *nr_scanned, struct scan_control *sc, isolate_mode_t mode, enum lru_list lru) { struct list_head *src = &lruvec->lists[lru]; unsigned long nr_taken = 0; unsigned long scan; for (scan = 0; scan < nr_to_scan && !list_empty(src); scan++) { struct page *page; int nr_pages; page = lru_to_page(src); prefetchw_prev_lru_page(page, src, flags); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page); switch (__isolate_lru_page(page, mode)) { case 0: nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page); mem_cgroup_update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, -nr_pages); list_move(&page->lru, dst); nr_taken += nr_pages; break; case -EBUSY: /* else it is being freed elsewhere */ list_move(&page->lru, src); continue; default: BUG(); } } *nr_scanned = scan; trace_mm_vmscan_lru_isolate(sc->order, nr_to_scan, scan, nr_taken, mode, is_file_lru(lru)); return nr_taken; } /** * isolate_lru_page - tries to isolate a page from its LRU list * @page: page to isolate from its LRU list * * Isolates a @page from an LRU list, clears PageLRU and adjusts the * vmstat statistic corresponding to whatever LRU list the page was on. * * Returns 0 if the page was removed from an LRU list. * Returns -EBUSY if the page was not on an LRU list. * * The returned page will have PageLRU() cleared. If it was found on * the active list, it will have PageActive set. If it was found on * the unevictable list, it will have the PageUnevictable bit set. That flag * may need to be cleared by the caller before letting the page go. * * The vmstat statistic corresponding to the list on which the page was * found will be decremented. * * Restrictions: * (1) Must be called with an elevated refcount on the page. This is a * fundamentnal difference from isolate_lru_pages (which is called * without a stable reference). * (2) the lru_lock must not be held. * (3) interrupts must be enabled. */ int isolate_lru_page(struct page *page) { int ret = -EBUSY; VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!page_count(page), page); if (PageLRU(page)) { struct zone *zone = page_zone(page); struct lruvec *lruvec; spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone); if (PageLRU(page)) { int lru = page_lru(page); get_page(page); ClearPageLRU(page); del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru); ret = 0; } spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); } return ret; } /* * A direct reclaimer may isolate SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages from the LRU list and * then get resheduled. When there are massive number of tasks doing page * allocation, such sleeping direct reclaimers may keep piling up on each CPU, * the LRU list will go small and be scanned faster than necessary, leading to * unnecessary swapping, thrashing and OOM. */ static int too_many_isolated(struct zone *zone, int file, struct scan_control *sc) { unsigned long inactive, isolated; if (current_is_kswapd()) return 0; if (!global_reclaim(sc)) return 0; if (file) { inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE); isolated = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_FILE); } else { inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON); isolated = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON); } /* * GFP_NOIO/GFP_NOFS callers are allowed to isolate more pages, so they * won't get blocked by normal direct-reclaimers, forming a circular * deadlock. */ if ((sc->gfp_mask & GFP_IOFS) == GFP_IOFS) inactive >>= 3; return isolated > inactive; } static noinline_for_stack void putback_inactive_pages(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *page_list) { struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat; struct zone *zone = lruvec_zone(lruvec); LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free); /* * Put back any unfreeable pages. */ while (!list_empty(page_list)) { struct page *page = lru_to_page(page_list); int lru; VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page); list_del(&page->lru); if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) { spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); putback_lru_page(page); spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); continue; } lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone); SetPageLRU(page); lru = page_lru(page); add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru); if (is_active_lru(lru)) { int file = is_file_lru(lru); int numpages = hpage_nr_pages(page); reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += numpages; } if (put_page_testzero(page)) { __ClearPageLRU(page); __ClearPageActive(page); del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru); if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) { spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); (*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page); spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); } else list_add(&page->lru, &pages_to_free); } } /* * To save our caller's stack, now use input list for pages to free. */ list_splice(&pages_to_free, page_list); } /* * shrink_inactive_list() is a helper for shrink_zone(). It returns the number * of reclaimed pages */ static noinline_for_stack unsigned long shrink_inactive_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, enum lru_list lru) { LIST_HEAD(page_list); unsigned long nr_scanned; unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0; unsigned long nr_taken; unsigned long nr_dirty = 0; unsigned long nr_congested = 0; unsigned long nr_unqueued_dirty = 0; unsigned long nr_writeback = 0; unsigned long nr_immediate = 0; isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0; int file = is_file_lru(lru); struct zone *zone = lruvec_zone(lruvec); struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat; while (unlikely(too_many_isolated(zone, file, sc))) { congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10); /* We are about to die and free our memory. Return now. */ if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) return SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX; } lru_add_drain(); if (!sc->may_unmap) isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED; if (!sc->may_writepage) isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_CLEAN; spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &page_list, &nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_LRU_BASE + lru, -nr_taken); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken); if (global_reclaim(sc)) { zone->pages_scanned += nr_scanned; if (current_is_kswapd()) __count_zone_vm_events(PGSCAN_KSWAPD, zone, nr_scanned); else __count_zone_vm_events(PGSCAN_DIRECT, zone, nr_scanned); } spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); if (nr_taken == 0) return 0; nr_reclaimed = shrink_page_list(&page_list, zone, sc, TTU_UNMAP, &nr_dirty, &nr_unqueued_dirty, &nr_congested, &nr_writeback, &nr_immediate, false); spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken; if (global_reclaim(sc)) { if (current_is_kswapd()) __count_zone_vm_events(PGSTEAL_KSWAPD, zone, nr_reclaimed); else __count_zone_vm_events(PGSTEAL_DIRECT, zone, nr_reclaimed); } putback_inactive_pages(lruvec, &page_list); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken); spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); free_hot_cold_page_list(&page_list, true); /* * If reclaim is isolating dirty pages under writeback, it implies * that the long-lived page allocation rate is exceeding the page * laundering rate. Either the global limits are not being effective * at throttling processes due to the page distribution throughout * zones or there is heavy usage of a slow backing device. The * only option is to throttle from reclaim context which is not ideal * as there is no guarantee the dirtying process is throttled in the * same way balance_dirty_pages() manages. * * Once a zone is flagged ZONE_WRITEBACK, kswapd will count the number * of pages under pages flagged for immediate reclaim and stall if any * are encountered in the nr_immediate check below. */ if (nr_writeback && nr_writeback == nr_taken) zone_set_flag(zone, ZONE_WRITEBACK); /* * memcg will stall in page writeback so only consider forcibly * stalling for global reclaim */ if (global_reclaim(sc)) { /* * Tag a zone as congested if all the dirty pages scanned were * backed by a congested BDI and wait_iff_congested will stall. */ if (nr_dirty && nr_dirty == nr_congested) zone_set_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED); /* * If dirty pages are scanned that are not queued for IO, it * implies that flushers are not keeping up. In this case, flag * the zone ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY and kswapd will start writing * pages from reclaim context. */ if (nr_unqueued_dirty == nr_taken) zone_set_flag(zone, ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY); /* * If kswapd scans pages marked marked for immediate * reclaim and under writeback (nr_immediate), it implies * that pages are cycling through the LRU faster than * they are written so also forcibly stall. */ if (nr_immediate) congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10); } /* * Stall direct reclaim for IO completions if underlying BDIs or zone * is congested. Allow kswapd to continue until it starts encountering * unqueued dirty pages or cycling through the LRU too quickly. */ if (!sc->hibernation_mode && !current_is_kswapd()) wait_iff_congested(zone, BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/10); trace_mm_vmscan_lru_shrink_inactive(zone->zone_pgdat->node_id, zone_idx(zone), nr_scanned, nr_reclaimed, sc->priority, trace_shrink_flags(file)); return nr_reclaimed; } /* * This moves pages from the active list to the inactive list. * * We move them the other way if the page is referenced by one or more * processes, from rmap. * * If the pages are mostly unmapped, the processing is fast and it is * appropriate to hold zone->lru_lock across the whole operation. But if * the pages are mapped, the processing is slow (page_referenced()) so we * should drop zone->lru_lock around each page. It's impossible to balance * this, so instead we remove the pages from the LRU while processing them. * It is safe to rely on PG_active against the non-LRU pages in here because * nobody will play with that bit on a non-LRU page. * * The downside is that we have to touch page->_count against each page. * But we had to alter page->flags anyway. */ static void move_active_pages_to_lru(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *list, struct list_head *pages_to_free, enum lru_list lru) { struct zone *zone = lruvec_zone(lruvec); unsigned long pgmoved = 0; struct page *page; int nr_pages; while (!list_empty(list)) { page = lru_to_page(list); lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page); SetPageLRU(page); nr_pages = hpage_nr_pages(page); mem_cgroup_update_lru_size(lruvec, lru, nr_pages); list_move(&page->lru, &lruvec->lists[lru]); pgmoved += nr_pages; if (put_page_testzero(page)) { __ClearPageLRU(page); __ClearPageActive(page); del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru); if (unlikely(PageCompound(page))) { spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); (*get_compound_page_dtor(page))(page); spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); } else list_add(&page->lru, pages_to_free); } } __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_LRU_BASE + lru, pgmoved); if (!is_active_lru(lru)) __count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, pgmoved); } static void shrink_active_list(unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, enum lru_list lru) { unsigned long nr_taken; unsigned long nr_scanned; unsigned long vm_flags; LIST_HEAD(l_hold); /* The pages which were snipped off */ LIST_HEAD(l_active); LIST_HEAD(l_inactive); struct page *page; struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat; unsigned long nr_rotated = 0; isolate_mode_t isolate_mode = 0; int file = is_file_lru(lru); struct zone *zone = lruvec_zone(lruvec); lru_add_drain(); if (!sc->may_unmap) isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_UNMAPPED; if (!sc->may_writepage) isolate_mode |= ISOLATE_CLEAN; spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); nr_taken = isolate_lru_pages(nr_to_scan, lruvec, &l_hold, &nr_scanned, sc, isolate_mode, lru); if (global_reclaim(sc)) zone->pages_scanned += nr_scanned; reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file] += nr_taken; __count_zone_vm_events(PGREFILL, zone, nr_scanned); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_LRU_BASE + lru, -nr_taken); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, nr_taken); spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); while (!list_empty(&l_hold)) { cond_resched(); page = lru_to_page(&l_hold); list_del(&page->lru); if (unlikely(!page_evictable(page))) { putback_lru_page(page); continue; } if (unlikely(buffer_heads_over_limit)) { if (page_has_private(page) && trylock_page(page)) { if (page_has_private(page)) try_to_release_page(page, 0); unlock_page(page); } } if (page_referenced(page, 0, sc->target_mem_cgroup, &vm_flags)) { nr_rotated += hpage_nr_pages(page); /* * Identify referenced, file-backed active pages and * give them one more trip around the active list. So * that executable code get better chances to stay in * memory under moderate memory pressure. Anon pages * are not likely to be evicted by use-once streaming * IO, plus JVM can create lots of anon VM_EXEC pages, * so we ignore them here. */ if ((vm_flags & VM_EXEC) && page_is_file_cache(page)) { list_add(&page->lru, &l_active); continue; } } ClearPageActive(page); /* we are de-activating */ list_add(&page->lru, &l_inactive); } /* * Move pages back to the lru list. */ spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); /* * Count referenced pages from currently used mappings as rotated, * even though only some of them are actually re-activated. This * helps balance scan pressure between file and anonymous pages in * get_scan_ratio. */ reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file] += nr_rotated; move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_active, &l_hold, lru); move_active_pages_to_lru(lruvec, &l_inactive, &l_hold, lru - LRU_ACTIVE); __mod_zone_page_state(zone, NR_ISOLATED_ANON + file, -nr_taken); spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); free_hot_cold_page_list(&l_hold, true); } #ifdef CONFIG_SWAP static int inactive_anon_is_low_global(struct zone *zone) { unsigned long active, inactive; active = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_ANON); inactive = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON); if (inactive * zone->inactive_ratio < active) return 1; return 0; } /** * inactive_anon_is_low - check if anonymous pages need to be deactivated * @lruvec: LRU vector to check * * Returns true if the zone does not have enough inactive anon pages, * meaning some active anon pages need to be deactivated. */ static int inactive_anon_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec) { /* * If we don't have swap space, anonymous page deactivation * is pointless. */ if (!total_swap_pages) return 0; if (!mem_cgroup_disabled()) return mem_cgroup_inactive_anon_is_low(lruvec); return inactive_anon_is_low_global(lruvec_zone(lruvec)); } #else static inline int inactive_anon_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec) { return 0; } #endif /** * inactive_file_is_low - check if file pages need to be deactivated * @lruvec: LRU vector to check * * When the system is doing streaming IO, memory pressure here * ensures that active file pages get deactivated, until more * than half of the file pages are on the inactive list. * * Once we get to that situation, protect the system's working * set from being evicted by disabling active file page aging. * * This uses a different ratio than the anonymous pages, because * the page cache uses a use-once replacement algorithm. */ static int inactive_file_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec) { unsigned long inactive; unsigned long active; inactive = get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE); active = get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_FILE); return active > inactive; } static int inactive_list_is_low(struct lruvec *lruvec, enum lru_list lru) { if (is_file_lru(lru)) return inactive_file_is_low(lruvec); else return inactive_anon_is_low(lruvec); } static unsigned long shrink_list(enum lru_list lru, unsigned long nr_to_scan, struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc) { if (is_active_lru(lru)) { if (inactive_list_is_low(lruvec, lru)) shrink_active_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru); return 0; } return shrink_inactive_list(nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc, lru); } static int vmscan_swappiness(struct scan_control *sc) { if (global_reclaim(sc)) return vm_swappiness; return mem_cgroup_swappiness(sc->target_mem_cgroup); } enum scan_balance { SCAN_EQUAL, SCAN_FRACT, SCAN_ANON, SCAN_FILE, }; /* * Determine how aggressively the anon and file LRU lists should be * scanned. The relative value of each set of LRU lists is determined * by looking at the fraction of the pages scanned we did rotate back * onto the active list instead of evict. * * nr[0] = anon inactive pages to scan; nr[1] = anon active pages to scan * nr[2] = file inactive pages to scan; nr[3] = file active pages to scan */ static void get_scan_count(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long *nr) { struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat; u64 fraction[2]; u64 denominator = 0; /* gcc */ struct zone *zone = lruvec_zone(lruvec); unsigned long anon_prio, file_prio; enum scan_balance scan_balance; unsigned long anon, file; bool force_scan = false; unsigned long ap, fp; enum lru_list lru; /* * If the zone or memcg is small, nr[l] can be 0. This * results in no scanning on this priority and a potential * priority drop. Global direct reclaim can go to the next * zone and tends to have no problems. Global kswapd is for * zone balancing and it needs to scan a minimum amount. When * reclaiming for a memcg, a priority drop can cause high * latencies, so it's better to scan a minimum amount there as * well. */ if (current_is_kswapd() && !zone_reclaimable(zone)) force_scan = true; if (!global_reclaim(sc)) force_scan = true; /* If we have no swap space, do not bother scanning anon pages. */ if (!sc->may_swap || (get_nr_swap_pages() <= 0)) { scan_balance = SCAN_FILE; goto out; } /* * Global reclaim will swap to prevent OOM even with no * swappiness, but memcg users want to use this knob to * disable swapping for individual groups completely when * using the memory controller's swap limit feature would be * too expensive. */ if (!global_reclaim(sc) && !vmscan_swappiness(sc)) { scan_balance = SCAN_FILE; goto out; } /* * Do not apply any pressure balancing cleverness when the * system is close to OOM, scan both anon and file equally * (unless the swappiness setting disagrees with swapping). */ if (!sc->priority && vmscan_swappiness(sc)) { scan_balance = SCAN_EQUAL; goto out; } /* * If it's foreseeable that reclaiming the file cache won't be * enough to get the zone back into a desirable shape, we have * to swap. Better start now and leave the - probably heavily * thrashing - remaining file pages alone. */ if (global_reclaim(sc)) { unsigned long zonefile; unsigned long zonefree; zonefree = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES); zonefile = zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE) + zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE); if (unlikely(zonefile + zonefree <= high_wmark_pages(zone))) { scan_balance = SCAN_ANON; goto out; } } /* * There is enough inactive page cache, do not reclaim * anything from the anonymous working set right now. */ if (!inactive_file_is_low(lruvec)) { scan_balance = SCAN_FILE; goto out; } scan_balance = SCAN_FRACT; /* * With swappiness at 100, anonymous and file have the same priority. * This scanning priority is essentially the inverse of IO cost. */ anon_prio = vmscan_swappiness(sc); file_prio = 200 - anon_prio; /* * OK, so we have swap space and a fair amount of page cache * pages. We use the recently rotated / recently scanned * ratios to determine how valuable each cache is. * * Because workloads change over time (and to avoid overflow) * we keep these statistics as a floating average, which ends * up weighing recent references more than old ones. * * anon in [0], file in [1] */ anon = get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON) + get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_ANON); file = get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_ACTIVE_FILE) + get_lru_size(lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE); spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] > anon / 4)) { reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] /= 2; reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] /= 2; } if (unlikely(reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] > file / 4)) { reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] /= 2; reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] /= 2; } /* * The amount of pressure on anon vs file pages is inversely * proportional to the fraction of recently scanned pages on * each list that were recently referenced and in active use. */ ap = anon_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[0] + 1); ap /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[0] + 1; fp = file_prio * (reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[1] + 1); fp /= reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[1] + 1; spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); fraction[0] = ap; fraction[1] = fp; denominator = ap + fp + 1; out: for_each_evictable_lru(lru) { int file = is_file_lru(lru); unsigned long size; unsigned long scan; size = get_lru_size(lruvec, lru); scan = size >> sc->priority; if (!scan && force_scan) scan = min(size, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX); switch (scan_balance) { case SCAN_EQUAL: /* Scan lists relative to size */ break; case SCAN_FRACT: /* * Scan types proportional to swappiness and * their relative recent reclaim efficiency. */ scan = div64_u64(scan * fraction[file], denominator); break; case SCAN_FILE: case SCAN_ANON: /* Scan one type exclusively */ if ((scan_balance == SCAN_FILE) != file) scan = 0; break; default: /* Look ma, no brain */ BUG(); } nr[lru] = scan; } } /* * This is a basic per-zone page freer. Used by both kswapd and direct reclaim. */ static void shrink_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct scan_control *sc) { unsigned long nr[NR_LRU_LISTS]; unsigned long targets[NR_LRU_LISTS]; unsigned long nr_to_scan; enum lru_list lru; unsigned long nr_reclaimed = 0; unsigned long nr_to_reclaim = sc->nr_to_reclaim; struct blk_plug plug; bool scan_adjusted; get_scan_count(lruvec, sc, nr); /* Record the original scan target for proportional adjustments later */ memcpy(targets, nr, sizeof(nr)); /* * Global reclaiming within direct reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY is a normal * event that can occur when there is little memory pressure e.g. * multiple streaming readers/writers. Hence, we do not abort scanning * when the requested number of pages are reclaimed when scanning at * DEF_PRIORITY on the assumption that the fact we are direct * reclaiming implies that kswapd is not keeping up and it is best to * do a batch of work at once. For memcg reclaim one check is made to * abort proportional reclaim if either the file or anon lru has already * dropped to zero at the first pass. */ scan_adjusted = (global_reclaim(sc) && !current_is_kswapd() && sc->priority == DEF_PRIORITY); blk_start_plug(&plug); while (nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] || nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] || nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE]) { unsigned long nr_anon, nr_file, percentage; unsigned long nr_scanned; for_each_evictable_lru(lru) { if (nr[lru]) { nr_to_scan = min(nr[lru], SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX); nr[lru] -= nr_to_scan; nr_reclaimed += shrink_list(lru, nr_to_scan, lruvec, sc); } } if (nr_reclaimed < nr_to_reclaim || scan_adjusted) continue; /* * For kswapd and memcg, reclaim at least the number of pages * requested. Ensure that the anon and file LRUs are scanned * proportionally what was requested by get_scan_count(). We * stop reclaiming one LRU and reduce the amount scanning * proportional to the original scan target. */ nr_file = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE]; nr_anon = nr[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + nr[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON]; /* * It's just vindictive to attack the larger once the smaller * has gone to zero. And given the way we stop scanning the * smaller below, this makes sure that we only make one nudge * towards proportionality once we've got nr_to_reclaim. */ if (!nr_file || !nr_anon) break; if (nr_file > nr_anon) { unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_ANON] + targets[LRU_ACTIVE_ANON] + 1; lru = LRU_BASE; percentage = nr_anon * 100 / scan_target; } else { unsigned long scan_target = targets[LRU_INACTIVE_FILE] + targets[LRU_ACTIVE_FILE] + 1; lru = LRU_FILE; percentage = nr_file * 100 / scan_target; } /* Stop scanning the smaller of the LRU */ nr[lru] = 0; nr[lru + LRU_ACTIVE] = 0; /* * Recalculate the other LRU scan count based on its original * scan target and the percentage scanning already complete */ lru = (lru == LRU_FILE) ? LRU_BASE : LRU_FILE; nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru]; nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100; nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned); lru += LRU_ACTIVE; nr_scanned = targets[lru] - nr[lru]; nr[lru] = targets[lru] * (100 - percentage) / 100; nr[lru] -= min(nr[lru], nr_scanned); scan_adjusted = true; } blk_finish_plug(&plug); sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_reclaimed; /* * Even if we did not try to evict anon pages at all, we want to * rebalance the anon lru active/inactive ratio. */ if (inactive_anon_is_low(lruvec)) shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec, sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON); throttle_vm_writeout(sc->gfp_mask); } /* Use reclaim/compaction for costly allocs or under memory pressure */ static bool in_reclaim_compaction(struct scan_control *sc) { if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) && sc->order && (sc->order > PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER || sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2)) return true; return false; } /* * Reclaim/compaction is used for high-order allocation requests. It reclaims * order-0 pages before compacting the zone. should_continue_reclaim() returns * true if more pages should be reclaimed such that when the page allocator * calls try_to_compact_zone() that it will have enough free pages to succeed. * It will give up earlier than that if there is difficulty reclaiming pages. */ static inline bool should_continue_reclaim(struct zone *zone, unsigned long nr_reclaimed, unsigned long nr_scanned, struct scan_control *sc) { unsigned long pages_for_compaction; unsigned long inactive_lru_pages; /* If not in reclaim/compaction mode, stop */ if (!in_reclaim_compaction(sc)) return false; /* Consider stopping depending on scan and reclaim activity */ if (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_REPEAT) { /* * For __GFP_REPEAT allocations, stop reclaiming if the * full LRU list has been scanned and we are still failing * to reclaim pages. This full LRU scan is potentially * expensive but a __GFP_REPEAT caller really wants to succeed */ if (!nr_reclaimed && !nr_scanned) return false; } else { /* * For non-__GFP_REPEAT allocations which can presumably * fail without consequence, stop if we failed to reclaim * any pages from the last SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX number of * pages that were scanned. This will return to the * caller faster at the risk reclaim/compaction and * the resulting allocation attempt fails */ if (!nr_reclaimed) return false; } /* * If we have not reclaimed enough pages for compaction and the * inactive lists are large enough, continue reclaiming */ pages_for_compaction = (2UL << sc->order); inactive_lru_pages = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE); if (get_nr_swap_pages() > 0) inactive_lru_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_ANON); if (sc->nr_reclaimed < pages_for_compaction && inactive_lru_pages > pages_for_compaction) return true; /* If compaction would go ahead or the allocation would succeed, stop */ switch (compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order)) { case COMPACT_PARTIAL: case COMPACT_CONTINUE: return false; default: return true; } } static void shrink_zone(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc) { unsigned long nr_reclaimed, nr_scanned; do { struct mem_cgroup *root = sc->target_mem_cgroup; struct mem_cgroup_reclaim_cookie reclaim = { .zone = zone, .priority = sc->priority, }; struct mem_cgroup *memcg; nr_reclaimed = sc->nr_reclaimed; nr_scanned = sc->nr_scanned; memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, NULL, &reclaim); do { struct lruvec *lruvec; lruvec = mem_cgroup_zone_lruvec(zone, memcg); shrink_lruvec(lruvec, sc); /* * Direct reclaim and kswapd have to scan all memory * cgroups to fulfill the overall scan target for the * zone. * * Limit reclaim, on the other hand, only cares about * nr_to_reclaim pages to be reclaimed and it will * retry with decreasing priority if one round over the * whole hierarchy is not sufficient. */ if (!global_reclaim(sc) && sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim) { mem_cgroup_iter_break(root, memcg); break; } memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(root, memcg, &reclaim); } while (memcg); vmpressure(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed); } while (should_continue_reclaim(zone, sc->nr_reclaimed - nr_reclaimed, sc->nr_scanned - nr_scanned, sc)); } /* Returns true if compaction should go ahead for a high-order request */ static inline bool compaction_ready(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc) { unsigned long balance_gap, watermark; bool watermark_ok; /* Do not consider compaction for orders reclaim is meant to satisfy */ if (sc->order <= PAGE_ALLOC_COSTLY_ORDER) return false; /* * Compaction takes time to run and there are potentially other * callers using the pages just freed. Continue reclaiming until * there is a buffer of free pages available to give compaction * a reasonable chance of completing and allocating the page */ balance_gap = min(low_wmark_pages(zone), (zone->managed_pages + KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO-1) / KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO); watermark = high_wmark_pages(zone) + balance_gap + (2UL << sc->order); watermark_ok = zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, 0, watermark, 0, 0); /* * If compaction is deferred, reclaim up to a point where * compaction will have a chance of success when re-enabled */ if (compaction_deferred(zone, sc->order)) return watermark_ok; /* If compaction is not ready to start, keep reclaiming */ if (!compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order)) return false; return watermark_ok; } /* * This is the direct reclaim path, for page-allocating processes. We only * try to reclaim pages from zones which will satisfy the caller's allocation * request. * * We reclaim from a zone even if that zone is over high_wmark_pages(zone). * Because: * a) The caller may be trying to free *extra* pages to satisfy a higher-order * allocation or * b) The target zone may be at high_wmark_pages(zone) but the lower zones * must go *over* high_wmark_pages(zone) to satisfy the `incremental min' * zone defense algorithm. * * If a zone is deemed to be full of pinned pages then just give it a light * scan then give up on it. * * This function returns true if a zone is being reclaimed for a costly * high-order allocation and compaction is ready to begin. This indicates to * the caller that it should consider retrying the allocation instead of * further reclaim. */ static bool shrink_zones(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc) { struct zoneref *z; struct zone *zone; unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed; unsigned long nr_soft_scanned; bool aborted_reclaim = false; /* * If the number of buffer_heads in the machine exceeds the maximum * allowed level, force direct reclaim to scan the highmem zone as * highmem pages could be pinning lowmem pages storing buffer_heads */ if (buffer_heads_over_limit) sc->gfp_mask |= __GFP_HIGHMEM; for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask), sc->nodemask) { if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; /* * Take care memory controller reclaiming has small influence * to global LRU. */ if (global_reclaim(sc)) { if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL)) continue; if (sc->priority != DEF_PRIORITY && !zone_reclaimable(zone)) continue; /* Let kswapd poll it */ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION)) { /* * If we already have plenty of memory free for * compaction in this zone, don't free any more. * Even though compaction is invoked for any * non-zero order, only frequent costly order * reclamation is disruptive enough to become a * noticeable problem, like transparent huge * page allocations. */ if (compaction_ready(zone, sc)) { aborted_reclaim = true; continue; } } /* * This steals pages from memory cgroups over softlimit * and returns the number of reclaimed pages and * scanned pages. This works for global memory pressure * and balancing, not for a memcg's limit. */ nr_soft_scanned = 0; nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone, sc->order, sc->gfp_mask, &nr_soft_scanned); sc->nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed; sc->nr_scanned += nr_soft_scanned; /* need some check for avoid more shrink_zone() */ } shrink_zone(zone, sc); } return aborted_reclaim; } /* All zones in zonelist are unreclaimable? */ static bool all_unreclaimable(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc) { struct zoneref *z; struct zone *zone; for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask), sc->nodemask) { if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL)) continue; if (zone_reclaimable(zone)) return false; } return true; } /* * This is the main entry point to direct page reclaim. * * If a full scan of the inactive list fails to free enough memory then we * are "out of memory" and something needs to be killed. * * If the caller is !__GFP_FS then the probability of a failure is reasonably * high - the zone may be full of dirty or under-writeback pages, which this * caller can't do much about. We kick the writeback threads and take explicit * naps in the hope that some of these pages can be written. But if the * allocating task holds filesystem locks which prevent writeout this might not * work, and the allocation attempt will fail. * * returns: 0, if no pages reclaimed * else, the number of pages reclaimed */ static unsigned long do_try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, struct scan_control *sc, struct shrink_control *shrink) { unsigned long total_scanned = 0; struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state; struct zoneref *z; struct zone *zone; unsigned long writeback_threshold; bool aborted_reclaim; delayacct_freepages_start(); if (global_reclaim(sc)) count_vm_event(ALLOCSTALL); do { vmpressure_prio(sc->gfp_mask, sc->target_mem_cgroup, sc->priority); sc->nr_scanned = 0; aborted_reclaim = shrink_zones(zonelist, sc); /* * Don't shrink slabs when reclaiming memory from over limit * cgroups but do shrink slab at least once when aborting * reclaim for compaction to avoid unevenly scanning file/anon * LRU pages over slab pages. */ if (global_reclaim(sc)) { unsigned long lru_pages = 0; nodes_clear(shrink->nodes_to_scan); for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, gfp_zone(sc->gfp_mask), sc->nodemask) { if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL)) continue; lru_pages += zone_reclaimable_pages(zone); node_set(zone_to_nid(zone), shrink->nodes_to_scan); } shrink_slab(shrink, sc->nr_scanned, lru_pages); if (reclaim_state) { sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab; reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0; } } total_scanned += sc->nr_scanned; if (sc->nr_reclaimed >= sc->nr_to_reclaim) goto out; /* * If we're getting trouble reclaiming, start doing * writepage even in laptop mode. */ if (sc->priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2) sc->may_writepage = 1; /* * Try to write back as many pages as we just scanned. This * tends to cause slow streaming writers to write data to the * disk smoothly, at the dirtying rate, which is nice. But * that's undesirable in laptop mode, where we *want* lumpy * writeout. So in laptop mode, write out the whole world. */ writeback_threshold = sc->nr_to_reclaim + sc->nr_to_reclaim / 2; if (total_scanned > writeback_threshold) { wakeup_flusher_threads(laptop_mode ? 0 : total_scanned, WB_REASON_TRY_TO_FREE_PAGES); sc->may_writepage = 1; } } while (--sc->priority >= 0 && !aborted_reclaim); out: delayacct_freepages_end(); if (sc->nr_reclaimed) return sc->nr_reclaimed; /* * As hibernation is going on, kswapd is freezed so that it can't mark * the zone into all_unreclaimable. Thus bypassing all_unreclaimable * check. */ if (oom_killer_disabled) return 0; /* Aborted reclaim to try compaction? don't OOM, then */ if (aborted_reclaim) return 1; /* top priority shrink_zones still had more to do? don't OOM, then */ if (global_reclaim(sc) && !all_unreclaimable(zonelist, sc)) return 1; return 0; } static bool pfmemalloc_watermark_ok(pg_data_t *pgdat) { struct zone *zone; unsigned long pfmemalloc_reserve = 0; unsigned long free_pages = 0; int i; bool wmark_ok; for (i = 0; i <= ZONE_NORMAL; i++) { zone = &pgdat->node_zones[i]; if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; pfmemalloc_reserve += min_wmark_pages(zone); free_pages += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FREE_PAGES); } /* If there are no reserves (unexpected config) then do not throttle */ if (!pfmemalloc_reserve) return true; wmark_ok = free_pages > pfmemalloc_reserve / 2; /* kswapd must be awake if processes are being throttled */ if (!wmark_ok && waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait)) { pgdat->classzone_idx = min(pgdat->classzone_idx, (enum zone_type)ZONE_NORMAL); wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait); } return wmark_ok; } /* * Throttle direct reclaimers if backing storage is backed by the network * and the PFMEMALLOC reserve for the preferred node is getting dangerously * depleted. kswapd will continue to make progress and wake the processes * when the low watermark is reached. * * Returns true if a fatal signal was delivered during throttling. If this * happens, the page allocator should not consider triggering the OOM killer. */ static bool throttle_direct_reclaim(gfp_t gfp_mask, struct zonelist *zonelist, nodemask_t *nodemask) { struct zoneref *z; struct zone *zone; pg_data_t *pgdat = NULL; /* * Kernel threads should not be throttled as they may be indirectly * responsible for cleaning pages necessary for reclaim to make forward * progress. kjournald for example may enter direct reclaim while * committing a transaction where throttling it could forcing other * processes to block on log_wait_commit(). */ if (current->flags & PF_KTHREAD) goto out; /* * If a fatal signal is pending, this process should not throttle. * It should return quickly so it can exit and free its memory */ if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) goto out; /* * Check if the pfmemalloc reserves are ok by finding the first node * with a usable ZONE_NORMAL or lower zone. The expectation is that * GFP_KERNEL will be required for allocating network buffers when * swapping over the network so ZONE_HIGHMEM is unusable. * * Throttling is based on the first usable node and throttled processes * wait on a queue until kswapd makes progress and wakes them. There * is an affinity then between processes waking up and where reclaim * progress has been made assuming the process wakes on the same node. * More importantly, processes running on remote nodes will not compete * for remote pfmemalloc reserves and processes on different nodes * should make reasonable progress. */ for_each_zone_zonelist_nodemask(zone, z, zonelist, gfp_mask, nodemask) { if (zone_idx(zone) > ZONE_NORMAL) continue; /* Throttle based on the first usable node */ pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat; if (pfmemalloc_watermark_ok(pgdat)) goto out; break; } /* If no zone was usable by the allocation flags then do not throttle */ if (!pgdat) goto out; /* Account for the throttling */ count_vm_event(PGSCAN_DIRECT_THROTTLE); /* * If the caller cannot enter the filesystem, it's possible that it * is due to the caller holding an FS lock or performing a journal * transaction in the case of a filesystem like ext[3|4]. In this case, * it is not safe to block on pfmemalloc_wait as kswapd could be * blocked waiting on the same lock. Instead, throttle for up to a * second before continuing. */ if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_FS)) { wait_event_interruptible_timeout(pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait, pfmemalloc_watermark_ok(pgdat), HZ); goto check_pending; } /* Throttle until kswapd wakes the process */ wait_event_killable(zone->zone_pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait, pfmemalloc_watermark_ok(pgdat)); check_pending: if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) return true; out: return false; } unsigned long try_to_free_pages(struct zonelist *zonelist, int order, gfp_t gfp_mask, nodemask_t *nodemask) { unsigned long nr_reclaimed; struct scan_control sc = { .gfp_mask = (gfp_mask = memalloc_noio_flags(gfp_mask)), .may_writepage = !laptop_mode, .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, .may_unmap = 1, .may_swap = 1, .order = order, .priority = DEF_PRIORITY, .target_mem_cgroup = NULL, .nodemask = nodemask, }; struct shrink_control shrink = { .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask, }; /* * Do not enter reclaim if fatal signal was delivered while throttled. * 1 is returned so that the page allocator does not OOM kill at this * point. */ if (throttle_direct_reclaim(gfp_mask, zonelist, nodemask)) return 1; trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin(order, sc.may_writepage, gfp_mask); nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink); trace_mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed); return nr_reclaimed; } #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG unsigned long mem_cgroup_shrink_node_zone(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap, struct zone *zone, unsigned long *nr_scanned) { struct scan_control sc = { .nr_scanned = 0, .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, .may_writepage = !laptop_mode, .may_unmap = 1, .may_swap = !noswap, .order = 0, .priority = 0, .target_mem_cgroup = memcg, }; struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_zone_lruvec(zone, memcg); sc.gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) | (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK); trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_begin(sc.order, sc.may_writepage, sc.gfp_mask); /* * NOTE: Although we can get the priority field, using it * here is not a good idea, since it limits the pages we can scan. * if we don't reclaim here, the shrink_zone from balance_pgdat * will pick up pages from other mem cgroup's as well. We hack * the priority and make it zero. */ shrink_lruvec(lruvec, &sc); trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_softlimit_reclaim_end(sc.nr_reclaimed); *nr_scanned = sc.nr_scanned; return sc.nr_reclaimed; } unsigned long try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, gfp_t gfp_mask, bool noswap) { struct zonelist *zonelist; unsigned long nr_reclaimed; int nid; struct scan_control sc = { .may_writepage = !laptop_mode, .may_unmap = 1, .may_swap = !noswap, .nr_to_reclaim = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, .order = 0, .priority = DEF_PRIORITY, .target_mem_cgroup = memcg, .nodemask = NULL, /* we don't care the placement */ .gfp_mask = (gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK) | (GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE & ~GFP_RECLAIM_MASK), }; struct shrink_control shrink = { .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask, }; /* * Unlike direct reclaim via alloc_pages(), memcg's reclaim doesn't * take care of from where we get pages. So the node where we start the * scan does not need to be the current node. */ nid = mem_cgroup_select_victim_node(memcg); zonelist = NODE_DATA(nid)->node_zonelists; trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_begin(0, sc.may_writepage, sc.gfp_mask); nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink); trace_mm_vmscan_memcg_reclaim_end(nr_reclaimed); return nr_reclaimed; } #endif static void age_active_anon(struct zone *zone, struct scan_control *sc) { struct mem_cgroup *memcg; if (!total_swap_pages) return; memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, NULL, NULL); do { struct lruvec *lruvec = mem_cgroup_zone_lruvec(zone, memcg); if (inactive_anon_is_low(lruvec)) shrink_active_list(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, lruvec, sc, LRU_ACTIVE_ANON); memcg = mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL); } while (memcg); } static bool zone_balanced(struct zone *zone, int order, unsigned long balance_gap, int classzone_idx) { if (!zone_watermark_ok_safe(zone, order, high_wmark_pages(zone) + balance_gap, classzone_idx, 0)) return false; if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) && order && !compaction_suitable(zone, order)) return false; return true; } /* * pgdat_balanced() is used when checking if a node is balanced. * * For order-0, all zones must be balanced! * * For high-order allocations only zones that meet watermarks and are in a * zone allowed by the callers classzone_idx are added to balanced_pages. The * total of balanced pages must be at least 25% of the zones allowed by * classzone_idx for the node to be considered balanced. Forcing all zones to * be balanced for high orders can cause excessive reclaim when there are * imbalanced zones. * The choice of 25% is due to * o a 16M DMA zone that is balanced will not balance a zone on any * reasonable sized machine * o On all other machines, the top zone must be at least a reasonable * percentage of the middle zones. For example, on 32-bit x86, highmem * would need to be at least 256M for it to be balance a whole node. * Similarly, on x86-64 the Normal zone would need to be at least 1G * to balance a node on its own. These seemed like reasonable ratios. */ static bool pgdat_balanced(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx) { unsigned long managed_pages = 0; unsigned long balanced_pages = 0; int i; /* Check the watermark levels */ for (i = 0; i <= classzone_idx; i++) { struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i; if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; managed_pages += zone->managed_pages; /* * A special case here: * * balance_pgdat() skips over all_unreclaimable after * DEF_PRIORITY. Effectively, it considers them balanced so * they must be considered balanced here as well! */ if (!zone_reclaimable(zone)) { balanced_pages += zone->managed_pages; continue; } if (zone_balanced(zone, order, 0, i)) balanced_pages += zone->managed_pages; else if (!order) return false; } if (order) return balanced_pages >= (managed_pages >> 2); else return true; } /* * Prepare kswapd for sleeping. This verifies that there are no processes * waiting in throttle_direct_reclaim() and that watermarks have been met. * * Returns true if kswapd is ready to sleep */ static bool prepare_kswapd_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, long remaining, int classzone_idx) { /* If a direct reclaimer woke kswapd within HZ/10, it's premature */ if (remaining) return false; /* * The throttled processes are normally woken up in balance_pgdat() as * soon as pfmemalloc_watermark_ok() is true. But there is a potential * race between when kswapd checks the watermarks and a process gets * throttled. There is also a potential race if processes get * throttled, kswapd wakes, a large process exits thereby balancing the * zones, which causes kswapd to exit balance_pgdat() before reaching * the wake up checks. If kswapd is going to sleep, no process should * be sleeping on pfmemalloc_wait, so wake them now if necessary. If * the wake up is premature, processes will wake kswapd and get * throttled again. The difference from wake ups in balance_pgdat() is * that here we are under prepare_to_wait(). */ if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait)) wake_up_all(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait); return pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, classzone_idx); } /* * kswapd shrinks the zone by the number of pages required to reach * the high watermark. * * Returns true if kswapd scanned at least the requested number of pages to * reclaim or if the lack of progress was due to pages under writeback. * This is used to determine if the scanning priority needs to be raised. */ static bool kswapd_shrink_zone(struct zone *zone, int classzone_idx, struct scan_control *sc, unsigned long lru_pages, unsigned long *nr_attempted) { int testorder = sc->order; unsigned long balance_gap; struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state; struct shrink_control shrink = { .gfp_mask = sc->gfp_mask, }; bool lowmem_pressure; /* Reclaim above the high watermark. */ sc->nr_to_reclaim = max(SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, high_wmark_pages(zone)); /* * Kswapd reclaims only single pages with compaction enabled. Trying * too hard to reclaim until contiguous free pages have become * available can hurt performance by evicting too much useful data * from memory. Do not reclaim more than needed for compaction. */ if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COMPACTION) && sc->order && compaction_suitable(zone, sc->order) != COMPACT_SKIPPED) testorder = 0; /* * We put equal pressure on every zone, unless one zone has way too * many pages free already. The "too many pages" is defined as the * high wmark plus a "gap" where the gap is either the low * watermark or 1% of the zone, whichever is smaller. */ balance_gap = min(low_wmark_pages(zone), (zone->managed_pages + KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO-1) / KSWAPD_ZONE_BALANCE_GAP_RATIO); /* * If there is no low memory pressure or the zone is balanced then no * reclaim is necessary */ lowmem_pressure = (buffer_heads_over_limit && is_highmem(zone)); if (!lowmem_pressure && zone_balanced(zone, testorder, balance_gap, classzone_idx)) return true; shrink_zone(zone, sc); nodes_clear(shrink.nodes_to_scan); node_set(zone_to_nid(zone), shrink.nodes_to_scan); reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0; shrink_slab(&shrink, sc->nr_scanned, lru_pages); sc->nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab; /* Account for the number of pages attempted to reclaim */ *nr_attempted += sc->nr_to_reclaim; zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_WRITEBACK); /* * If a zone reaches its high watermark, consider it to be no longer * congested. It's possible there are dirty pages backed by congested * BDIs but as pressure is relieved, speculatively avoid congestion * waits. */ if (zone_reclaimable(zone) && zone_balanced(zone, testorder, 0, classzone_idx)) { zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED); zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY); } return sc->nr_scanned >= sc->nr_to_reclaim; } /* * For kswapd, balance_pgdat() will work across all this node's zones until * they are all at high_wmark_pages(zone). * * Returns the final order kswapd was reclaiming at * * There is special handling here for zones which are full of pinned pages. * This can happen if the pages are all mlocked, or if they are all used by * device drivers (say, ZONE_DMA). Or if they are all in use by hugetlb. * What we do is to detect the case where all pages in the zone have been * scanned twice and there has been zero successful reclaim. Mark the zone as * dead and from now on, only perform a short scan. Basically we're polling * the zone for when the problem goes away. * * kswapd scans the zones in the highmem->normal->dma direction. It skips * zones which have free_pages > high_wmark_pages(zone), but once a zone is * found to have free_pages <= high_wmark_pages(zone), we scan that zone and the * lower zones regardless of the number of free pages in the lower zones. This * interoperates with the page allocator fallback scheme to ensure that aging * of pages is balanced across the zones. */ static unsigned long balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int *classzone_idx) { int i; int end_zone = 0; /* Inclusive. 0 = ZONE_DMA */ unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed; unsigned long nr_soft_scanned; struct scan_control sc = { .gfp_mask = GFP_KERNEL, .priority = DEF_PRIORITY, .may_unmap = 1, .may_swap = 1, .may_writepage = !laptop_mode, .order = order, .target_mem_cgroup = NULL, }; count_vm_event(PAGEOUTRUN); do { unsigned long lru_pages = 0; unsigned long nr_attempted = 0; bool raise_priority = true; bool pgdat_needs_compaction = (order > 0); sc.nr_reclaimed = 0; /* * Scan in the highmem->dma direction for the highest * zone which needs scanning */ for (i = pgdat->nr_zones - 1; i >= 0; i--) { struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i; if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; if (sc.priority != DEF_PRIORITY && !zone_reclaimable(zone)) continue; /* * Do some background aging of the anon list, to give * pages a chance to be referenced before reclaiming. */ age_active_anon(zone, &sc); /* * If the number of buffer_heads in the machine * exceeds the maximum allowed level and this node * has a highmem zone, force kswapd to reclaim from * it to relieve lowmem pressure. */ if (buffer_heads_over_limit && is_highmem_idx(i)) { end_zone = i; break; } if (!zone_balanced(zone, order, 0, 0)) { end_zone = i; break; } else { /* * If balanced, clear the dirty and congested * flags */ zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_CONGESTED); zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY); } } if (i < 0) goto out; for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) { struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i; if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; lru_pages += zone_reclaimable_pages(zone); /* * If any zone is currently balanced then kswapd will * not call compaction as it is expected that the * necessary pages are already available. */ if (pgdat_needs_compaction && zone_watermark_ok(zone, order, low_wmark_pages(zone), *classzone_idx, 0)) pgdat_needs_compaction = false; } /* * If we're getting trouble reclaiming, start doing writepage * even in laptop mode. */ if (sc.priority < DEF_PRIORITY - 2) sc.may_writepage = 1; /* * Now scan the zone in the dma->highmem direction, stopping * at the last zone which needs scanning. * * We do this because the page allocator works in the opposite * direction. This prevents the page allocator from allocating * pages behind kswapd's direction of progress, which would * cause too much scanning of the lower zones. */ for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) { struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i; if (!populated_zone(zone)) continue; if (sc.priority != DEF_PRIORITY && !zone_reclaimable(zone)) continue; sc.nr_scanned = 0; nr_soft_scanned = 0; /* * Call soft limit reclaim before calling shrink_zone. */ nr_soft_reclaimed = mem_cgroup_soft_limit_reclaim(zone, order, sc.gfp_mask, &nr_soft_scanned); sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_soft_reclaimed; /* * There should be no need to raise the scanning * priority if enough pages are already being scanned * that that high watermark would be met at 100% * efficiency. */ if (kswapd_shrink_zone(zone, end_zone, &sc, lru_pages, &nr_attempted)) raise_priority = false; } /* * If the low watermark is met there is no need for processes * to be throttled on pfmemalloc_wait as they should not be * able to safely make forward progress. Wake them */ if (waitqueue_active(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait) && pfmemalloc_watermark_ok(pgdat)) wake_up(&pgdat->pfmemalloc_wait); /* * Fragmentation may mean that the system cannot be rebalanced * for high-order allocations in all zones. If twice the * allocation size has been reclaimed and the zones are still * not balanced then recheck the watermarks at order-0 to * prevent kswapd reclaiming excessively. Assume that a * process requested a high-order can direct reclaim/compact. */ if (order && sc.nr_reclaimed >= 2UL << order) order = sc.order = 0; /* Check if kswapd should be suspending */ if (try_to_freeze() || kthread_should_stop()) break; /* * Compact if necessary and kswapd is reclaiming at least the * high watermark number of pages as requsted */ if (pgdat_needs_compaction && sc.nr_reclaimed > nr_attempted) compact_pgdat(pgdat, order); /* * Raise priority if scanning rate is too low or there was no * progress in reclaiming pages */ if (raise_priority || !sc.nr_reclaimed) sc.priority--; } while (sc.priority >= 1 && !pgdat_balanced(pgdat, order, *classzone_idx)); out: /* * Return the order we were reclaiming at so prepare_kswapd_sleep() * makes a decision on the order we were last reclaiming at. However, * if another caller entered the allocator slow path while kswapd * was awake, order will remain at the higher level */ *classzone_idx = end_zone; return order; } static void kswapd_try_to_sleep(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order, int classzone_idx) { long remaining = 0; DEFINE_WAIT(wait); if (freezing(current) || kthread_should_stop()) return; prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); /* Try to sleep for a short interval */ if (prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, order, remaining, classzone_idx)) { remaining = schedule_timeout(HZ/10); finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait); prepare_to_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); } /* * After a short sleep, check if it was a premature sleep. If not, then * go fully to sleep until explicitly woken up. */ if (prepare_kswapd_sleep(pgdat, order, remaining, classzone_idx)) { trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep(pgdat->node_id); /* * vmstat counters are not perfectly accurate and the estimated * value for counters such as NR_FREE_PAGES can deviate from the * true value by nr_online_cpus * threshold. To avoid the zone * watermarks being breached while under pressure, we reduce the * per-cpu vmstat threshold while kswapd is awake and restore * them before going back to sleep. */ set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_normal_threshold); /* * Compaction records what page blocks it recently failed to * isolate pages from and skips them in the future scanning. * When kswapd is going to sleep, it is reasonable to assume * that pages and compaction may succeed so reset the cache. */ reset_isolation_suitable(pgdat); if (!kthread_should_stop()) schedule(); set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(pgdat, calculate_pressure_threshold); } else { if (remaining) count_vm_event(KSWAPD_LOW_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY); else count_vm_event(KSWAPD_HIGH_WMARK_HIT_QUICKLY); } finish_wait(&pgdat->kswapd_wait, &wait); } /* * The background pageout daemon, started as a kernel thread * from the init process. * * This basically trickles out pages so that we have _some_ * free memory available even if there is no other activity * that frees anything up. This is needed for things like routing * etc, where we otherwise might have all activity going on in * asynchronous contexts that cannot page things out. * * If there are applications that are active memory-allocators * (most normal use), this basically shouldn't matter. */ static int kswapd(void *p) { unsigned long order, new_order; unsigned balanced_order; int classzone_idx, new_classzone_idx; int balanced_classzone_idx; pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t*)p; struct task_struct *tsk = current; struct reclaim_state reclaim_state = { .reclaimed_slab = 0, }; const struct cpumask *cpumask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id); lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(GFP_KERNEL); if (!cpumask_empty(cpumask)) set_cpus_allowed_ptr(tsk, cpumask); current->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state; /* * Tell the memory management that we're a "memory allocator", * and that if we need more memory we should get access to it * regardless (see "__alloc_pages()"). "kswapd" should * never get caught in the normal page freeing logic. * * (Kswapd normally doesn't need memory anyway, but sometimes * you need a small amount of memory in order to be able to * page out something else, and this flag essentially protects * us from recursively trying to free more memory as we're * trying to free the first piece of memory in the first place). */ tsk->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD; set_freezable(); order = new_order = 0; balanced_order = 0; classzone_idx = new_classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1; balanced_classzone_idx = classzone_idx; for ( ; ; ) { bool ret; /* * If the last balance_pgdat was unsuccessful it's unlikely a * new request of a similar or harder type will succeed soon * so consider going to sleep on the basis we reclaimed at */ if (balanced_classzone_idx >= new_classzone_idx && balanced_order == new_order) { new_order = pgdat->kswapd_max_order; new_classzone_idx = pgdat->classzone_idx; pgdat->kswapd_max_order = 0; pgdat->classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1; } if (order < new_order || classzone_idx > new_classzone_idx) { /* * Don't sleep if someone wants a larger 'order' * allocation or has tigher zone constraints */ order = new_order; classzone_idx = new_classzone_idx; } else { kswapd_try_to_sleep(pgdat, balanced_order, balanced_classzone_idx); order = pgdat->kswapd_max_order; classzone_idx = pgdat->classzone_idx; new_order = order; new_classzone_idx = classzone_idx; pgdat->kswapd_max_order = 0; pgdat->classzone_idx = pgdat->nr_zones - 1; } ret = try_to_freeze(); if (kthread_should_stop()) break; /* * We can speed up thawing tasks if we don't call balance_pgdat * after returning from the refrigerator */ if (!ret) { trace_mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake(pgdat->node_id, order); balanced_classzone_idx = classzone_idx; balanced_order = balance_pgdat(pgdat, order, &balanced_classzone_idx); } } tsk->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE | PF_KSWAPD); current->reclaim_state = NULL; lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state(); return 0; } /* * A zone is low on free memory, so wake its kswapd task to service it. */ void wakeup_kswapd(struct zone *zone, int order, enum zone_type classzone_idx) { pg_data_t *pgdat; if (!populated_zone(zone)) return; if (!cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall(zone, GFP_KERNEL)) return; pgdat = zone->zone_pgdat; if (pgdat->kswapd_max_order < order) { pgdat->kswapd_max_order = order; pgdat->classzone_idx = min(pgdat->classzone_idx, classzone_idx); } if (!waitqueue_active(&pgdat->kswapd_wait)) return; if (zone_balanced(zone, order, 0, 0)) return; trace_mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd(pgdat->node_id, zone_idx(zone), order); wake_up_interruptible(&pgdat->kswapd_wait); } #ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION /* * Try to free `nr_to_reclaim' of memory, system-wide, and return the number of * freed pages. * * Rather than trying to age LRUs the aim is to preserve the overall * LRU order by reclaiming preferentially * inactive > active > active referenced > active mapped */ unsigned long shrink_all_memory(unsigned long nr_to_reclaim) { struct reclaim_state reclaim_state; struct scan_control sc = { .gfp_mask = GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, .may_swap = 1, .may_unmap = 1, .may_writepage = 1, .nr_to_reclaim = nr_to_reclaim, .hibernation_mode = 1, .order = 0, .priority = DEF_PRIORITY, }; struct shrink_control shrink = { .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask, }; struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), sc.gfp_mask); struct task_struct *p = current; unsigned long nr_reclaimed; p->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC; lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(sc.gfp_mask); reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0; p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state; nr_reclaimed = do_try_to_free_pages(zonelist, &sc, &shrink); p->reclaim_state = NULL; lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state(); p->flags &= ~PF_MEMALLOC; return nr_reclaimed; } #endif /* CONFIG_HIBERNATION */ /* It's optimal to keep kswapds on the same CPUs as their memory, but not required for correctness. So if the last cpu in a node goes away, we get changed to run anywhere: as the first one comes back, restore their cpu bindings. */ static int cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb, unsigned long action, void *hcpu) { int nid; if (action == CPU_ONLINE || action == CPU_ONLINE_FROZEN) { for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) { pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid); const struct cpumask *mask; mask = cpumask_of_node(pgdat->node_id); if (cpumask_any_and(cpu_online_mask, mask) < nr_cpu_ids) /* One of our CPUs online: restore mask */ set_cpus_allowed_ptr(pgdat->kswapd, mask); } } return NOTIFY_OK; } /* * This kswapd start function will be called by init and node-hot-add. * On node-hot-add, kswapd will moved to proper cpus if cpus are hot-added. */ int kswapd_run(int nid) { pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid); int ret = 0; if (pgdat->kswapd) return 0; pgdat->kswapd = kthread_run(kswapd, pgdat, "kswapd%d", nid); if (IS_ERR(pgdat->kswapd)) { /* failure at boot is fatal */ BUG_ON(system_state == SYSTEM_BOOTING); pr_err("Failed to start kswapd on node %d\n", nid); ret = PTR_ERR(pgdat->kswapd); pgdat->kswapd = NULL; } return ret; } /* * Called by memory hotplug when all memory in a node is offlined. Caller must * hold lock_memory_hotplug(). */ void kswapd_stop(int nid) { struct task_struct *kswapd = NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd; if (kswapd) { kthread_stop(kswapd); NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd = NULL; } } static int __init kswapd_init(void) { int nid; swap_setup(); for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) kswapd_run(nid); hotcpu_notifier(cpu_callback, 0); return 0; } module_init(kswapd_init) #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA /* * Zone reclaim mode * * If non-zero call zone_reclaim when the number of free pages falls below * the watermarks. */ int zone_reclaim_mode __read_mostly; #define RECLAIM_OFF 0 #define RECLAIM_ZONE (1<<0) /* Run shrink_inactive_list on the zone */ #define RECLAIM_WRITE (1<<1) /* Writeout pages during reclaim */ #define RECLAIM_SWAP (1<<2) /* Swap pages out during reclaim */ /* * Priority for ZONE_RECLAIM. This determines the fraction of pages * of a node considered for each zone_reclaim. 4 scans 1/16th of * a zone. */ #define ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY 4 /* * Percentage of pages in a zone that must be unmapped for zone_reclaim to * occur. */ int sysctl_min_unmapped_ratio = 1; /* * If the number of slab pages in a zone grows beyond this percentage then * slab reclaim needs to occur. */ int sysctl_min_slab_ratio = 5; static inline unsigned long zone_unmapped_file_pages(struct zone *zone) { unsigned long file_mapped = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_MAPPED); unsigned long file_lru = zone_page_state(zone, NR_INACTIVE_FILE) + zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE); /* * It's possible for there to be more file mapped pages than * accounted for by the pages on the file LRU lists because * tmpfs pages accounted for as ANON can also be FILE_MAPPED */ return (file_lru > file_mapped) ? (file_lru - file_mapped) : 0; } /* Work out how many page cache pages we can reclaim in this reclaim_mode */ static long zone_pagecache_reclaimable(struct zone *zone) { long nr_pagecache_reclaimable; long delta = 0; /* * If RECLAIM_SWAP is set, then all file pages are considered * potentially reclaimable. Otherwise, we have to worry about * pages like swapcache and zone_unmapped_file_pages() provides * a better estimate */ if (zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_SWAP) nr_pagecache_reclaimable = zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_PAGES); else nr_pagecache_reclaimable = zone_unmapped_file_pages(zone); /* If we can't clean pages, remove dirty pages from consideration */ if (!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE)) delta += zone_page_state(zone, NR_FILE_DIRTY); /* Watch for any possible underflows due to delta */ if (unlikely(delta > nr_pagecache_reclaimable)) delta = nr_pagecache_reclaimable; return nr_pagecache_reclaimable - delta; } /* * Try to free up some pages from this zone through reclaim. */ static int __zone_reclaim(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order) { /* Minimum pages needed in order to stay on node */ const unsigned long nr_pages = 1 << order; struct task_struct *p = current; struct reclaim_state reclaim_state; struct scan_control sc = { .may_writepage = !!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_WRITE), .may_unmap = !!(zone_reclaim_mode & RECLAIM_SWAP), .may_swap = 1, .nr_to_reclaim = max(nr_pages, SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX), .gfp_mask = (gfp_mask = memalloc_noio_flags(gfp_mask)), .order = order, .priority = ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY, }; struct shrink_control shrink = { .gfp_mask = sc.gfp_mask, }; unsigned long nr_slab_pages0, nr_slab_pages1; cond_resched(); /* * We need to be able to allocate from the reserves for RECLAIM_SWAP * and we also need to be able to write out pages for RECLAIM_WRITE * and RECLAIM_SWAP. */ p->flags |= PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE; lockdep_set_current_reclaim_state(gfp_mask); reclaim_state.reclaimed_slab = 0; p->reclaim_state = &reclaim_state; if (zone_pagecache_reclaimable(zone) > zone->min_unmapped_pages) { /* * Free memory by calling shrink zone with increasing * priorities until we have enough memory freed. */ do { shrink_zone(zone, &sc); } while (sc.nr_reclaimed < nr_pages && --sc.priority >= 0); } nr_slab_pages0 = zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE); if (nr_slab_pages0 > zone->min_slab_pages) { /* * shrink_slab() does not currently allow us to determine how * many pages were freed in this zone. So we take the current * number of slab pages and shake the slab until it is reduced * by the same nr_pages that we used for reclaiming unmapped * pages. */ nodes_clear(shrink.nodes_to_scan); node_set(zone_to_nid(zone), shrink.nodes_to_scan); for (;;) { unsigned long lru_pages = zone_reclaimable_pages(zone); /* No reclaimable slab or very low memory pressure */ if (!shrink_slab(&shrink, sc.nr_scanned, lru_pages)) break; /* Freed enough memory */ nr_slab_pages1 = zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE); if (nr_slab_pages1 + nr_pages <= nr_slab_pages0) break; } /* * Update nr_reclaimed by the number of slab pages we * reclaimed from this zone. */ nr_slab_pages1 = zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE); if (nr_slab_pages1 < nr_slab_pages0) sc.nr_reclaimed += nr_slab_pages0 - nr_slab_pages1; } p->reclaim_state = NULL; current->flags &= ~(PF_MEMALLOC | PF_SWAPWRITE); lockdep_clear_current_reclaim_state(); return sc.nr_reclaimed >= nr_pages; } int zone_reclaim(struct zone *zone, gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order) { int node_id; int ret; /* * Zone reclaim reclaims unmapped file backed pages and * slab pages if we are over the defined limits. * * A small portion of unmapped file backed pages is needed for * file I/O otherwise pages read by file I/O will be immediately * thrown out if the zone is overallocated. So we do not reclaim * if less than a specified percentage of the zone is used by * unmapped file backed pages. */ if (zone_pagecache_reclaimable(zone) <= zone->min_unmapped_pages && zone_page_state(zone, NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) <= zone->min_slab_pages) return ZONE_RECLAIM_FULL; if (!zone_reclaimable(zone)) return ZONE_RECLAIM_FULL; /* * Do not scan if the allocation should not be delayed. */ if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_WAIT) || (current->flags & PF_MEMALLOC)) return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN; /* * Only run zone reclaim on the local zone or on zones that do not * have associated processors. This will favor the local processor * over remote processors and spread off node memory allocations * as wide as possible. */ node_id = zone_to_nid(zone); if (node_state(node_id, N_CPU) && node_id != numa_node_id()) return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN; if (zone_test_and_set_flag(zone, ZONE_RECLAIM_LOCKED)) return ZONE_RECLAIM_NOSCAN; ret = __zone_reclaim(zone, gfp_mask, order); zone_clear_flag(zone, ZONE_RECLAIM_LOCKED); if (!ret) count_vm_event(PGSCAN_ZONE_RECLAIM_FAILED); return ret; } #endif /* * page_evictable - test whether a page is evictable * @page: the page to test * * Test whether page is evictable--i.e., should be placed on active/inactive * lists vs unevictable list. * * Reasons page might not be evictable: * (1) page's mapping marked unevictable * (2) page is part of an mlocked VMA * */ int page_evictable(struct page *page) { return !mapping_unevictable(page_mapping(page)) && !PageMlocked(page); } #ifdef CONFIG_SHMEM /** * check_move_unevictable_pages - check pages for evictability and move to appropriate zone lru list * @pages: array of pages to check * @nr_pages: number of pages to check * * Checks pages for evictability and moves them to the appropriate lru list. * * This function is only used for SysV IPC SHM_UNLOCK. */ void check_move_unevictable_pages(struct page **pages, int nr_pages) { struct lruvec *lruvec; struct zone *zone = NULL; int pgscanned = 0; int pgrescued = 0; int i; for (i = 0; i < nr_pages; i++) { struct page *page = pages[i]; struct zone *pagezone; pgscanned++; pagezone = page_zone(page); if (pagezone != zone) { if (zone) spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); zone = pagezone; spin_lock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); } lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, zone); if (!PageLRU(page) || !PageUnevictable(page)) continue; if (page_evictable(page)) { enum lru_list lru = page_lru_base_type(page); VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page), page); ClearPageUnevictable(page); del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, LRU_UNEVICTABLE); add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru); pgrescued++; } } if (zone) { __count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED, pgrescued); __count_vm_events(UNEVICTABLE_PGSCANNED, pgscanned); spin_unlock_irq(&zone->lru_lock); } } #endif /* CONFIG_SHMEM */ static void warn_scan_unevictable_pages(void) { printk_once(KERN_WARNING "%s: The scan_unevictable_pages sysctl/node-interface has been " "disabled for lack of a legitimate use case. If you have " "one, please send an email to linux-mm@kvack.org.\n", current->comm); } /* * scan_unevictable_pages [vm] sysctl handler. On demand re-scan of * all nodes' unevictable lists for evictable pages */ unsigned long scan_unevictable_pages; int scan_unevictable_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write, void __user *buffer, size_t *length, loff_t *ppos) { warn_scan_unevictable_pages(); proc_doulongvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, length, ppos); scan_unevictable_pages = 0; return 0; } #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA /* * per node 'scan_unevictable_pages' attribute. On demand re-scan of * a specified node's per zone unevictable lists for evictable pages. */ static ssize_t read_scan_unevictable_node(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf) { warn_scan_unevictable_pages(); return sprintf(buf, "0\n"); /* always zero; should fit... */ } static ssize_t write_scan_unevictable_node(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t count) { warn_scan_unevictable_pages(); return 1; } static DEVICE_ATTR(scan_unevictable_pages, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR, read_scan_unevictable_node, write_scan_unevictable_node); int scan_unevictable_register_node(struct node *node) { return device_create_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_scan_unevictable_pages); } void scan_unevictable_unregister_node(struct node *node) { device_remove_file(&node->dev, &dev_attr_scan_unevictable_pages); } #endif