1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
|
.. _numaperf:
=============
NUMA Locality
=============
Some platforms may have multiple types of memory attached to a compute
node. These disparate memory ranges may share some characteristics, such
as CPU cache coherence, but may have different performance. For example,
different media types and buses affect bandwidth and latency.
A system supports such heterogeneous memory by grouping each memory type
under different domains, or "nodes", based on locality and performance
characteristics. Some memory may share the same node as a CPU, and others
are provided as memory only nodes. While memory only nodes do not provide
CPUs, they may still be local to one or more compute nodes relative to
other nodes. The following diagram shows one such example of two compute
nodes with local memory and a memory only node for each of compute node::
+------------------+ +------------------+
| Compute Node 0 +-----+ Compute Node 1 |
| Local Node0 Mem | | Local Node1 Mem |
+--------+---------+ +--------+---------+
| |
+--------+---------+ +--------+---------+
| Slower Node2 Mem | | Slower Node3 Mem |
+------------------+ +--------+---------+
A "memory initiator" is a node containing one or more devices such as
CPUs or separate memory I/O devices that can initiate memory requests.
A "memory target" is a node containing one or more physical address
ranges accessible from one or more memory initiators.
When multiple memory initiators exist, they may not all have the same
performance when accessing a given memory target. Each initiator-target
pair may be organized into different ranked access classes to represent
this relationship. The highest performing initiator to a given target
is considered to be one of that target's local initiators, and given
the highest access class, 0. Any given target may have one or more
local initiators, and any given initiator may have multiple local
memory targets.
To aid applications matching memory targets with their initiators, the
kernel provides symlinks to each other. The following example lists the
relationship for the access class "0" memory initiators and targets::
# symlinks -v /sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/access0/targets/
relative: /sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/access0/targets/nodeY -> ../../nodeY
# symlinks -v /sys/devices/system/node/nodeY/access0/initiators/
relative: /sys/devices/system/node/nodeY/access0/initiators/nodeX -> ../../nodeX
A memory initiator may have multiple memory targets in the same access
class. The target memory's initiators in a given class indicate the
nodes' access characteristics share the same performance relative to other
linked initiator nodes. Each target within an initiator's access class,
though, do not necessarily perform the same as each other.
================
NUMA Performance
================
Applications may wish to consider which node they want their memory to
be allocated from based on the node's performance characteristics. If
the system provides these attributes, the kernel exports them under the
node sysfs hierarchy by appending the attributes directory under the
memory node's access class 0 initiators as follows::
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeY/access0/initiators/
These attributes apply only when accessed from nodes that have the
are linked under the this access's inititiators.
The performance characteristics the kernel provides for the local initiators
are exported are as follows::
# tree -P "read*|write*" /sys/devices/system/node/nodeY/access0/initiators/
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeY/access0/initiators/
|-- read_bandwidth
|-- read_latency
|-- write_bandwidth
`-- write_latency
The bandwidth attributes are provided in MiB/second.
The latency attributes are provided in nanoseconds.
The values reported here correspond to the rated latency and bandwidth
for the platform.
==========
NUMA Cache
==========
System memory may be constructed in a hierarchy of elements with various
performance characteristics in order to provide large address space of
slower performing memory cached by a smaller higher performing memory. The
system physical addresses memory initiators are aware of are provided
by the last memory level in the hierarchy. The system meanwhile uses
higher performing memory to transparently cache access to progressively
slower levels.
The term "far memory" is used to denote the last level memory in the
hierarchy. Each increasing cache level provides higher performing
initiator access, and the term "near memory" represents the fastest
cache provided by the system.
This numbering is different than CPU caches where the cache level (ex:
L1, L2, L3) uses the CPU-side view where each increased level is lower
performing. In contrast, the memory cache level is centric to the last
level memory, so the higher numbered cache level corresponds to memory
nearer to the CPU, and further from far memory.
The memory-side caches are not directly addressable by software. When
software accesses a system address, the system will return it from the
near memory cache if it is present. If it is not present, the system
accesses the next level of memory until there is either a hit in that
cache level, or it reaches far memory.
An application does not need to know about caching attributes in order
to use the system. Software may optionally query the memory cache
attributes in order to maximize the performance out of such a setup.
If the system provides a way for the kernel to discover this information,
for example with ACPI HMAT (Heterogeneous Memory Attribute Table),
the kernel will append these attributes to the NUMA node memory target.
When the kernel first registers a memory cache with a node, the kernel
will create the following directory::
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/memory_side_cache/
If that directory is not present, the system either does not not provide
a memory-side cache, or that information is not accessible to the kernel.
The attributes for each level of cache is provided under its cache
level index::
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/memory_side_cache/indexA/
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/memory_side_cache/indexB/
/sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/memory_side_cache/indexC/
Each cache level's directory provides its attributes. For example, the
following shows a single cache level and the attributes available for
software to query::
# tree sys/devices/system/node/node0/memory_side_cache/
/sys/devices/system/node/node0/memory_side_cache/
|-- index1
| |-- indexing
| |-- line_size
| |-- size
| `-- write_policy
The "indexing" will be 0 if it is a direct-mapped cache, and non-zero
for any other indexed based, multi-way associativity.
The "line_size" is the number of bytes accessed from the next cache
level on a miss.
The "size" is the number of bytes provided by this cache level.
The "write_policy" will be 0 for write-back, and non-zero for
write-through caching.
========
See Also
========
.. [1] https://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_6_2.pdf
Section 5.2.27
|
