summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/drivers/md/dm-raid.c
blob: 777d9ba2acad646d7a0a20cea72a056ab1684239 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2010-2011 Neil Brown
 * Copyright (C) 2010-2014 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This file is released under the GPL.
 */

#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/module.h>

#include "md.h"
#include "raid1.h"
#include "raid5.h"
#include "raid10.h"
#include "bitmap.h"

#include <linux/device-mapper.h>

#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "raid"

static bool devices_handle_discard_safely = false;

/*
 * The following flags are used by dm-raid.c to set up the array state.
 * They must be cleared before md_run is called.
 */
#define FirstUse 10             /* rdev flag */

struct raid_dev {
	/*
	 * Two DM devices, one to hold metadata and one to hold the
	 * actual data/parity.  The reason for this is to not confuse
	 * ti->len and give more flexibility in altering size and
	 * characteristics.
	 *
	 * While it is possible for this device to be associated
	 * with a different physical device than the data_dev, it
	 * is intended for it to be the same.
	 *    |--------- Physical Device ---------|
	 *    |- meta_dev -|------ data_dev ------|
	 */
	struct dm_dev *meta_dev;
	struct dm_dev *data_dev;
	struct md_rdev rdev;
};

/*
 * Flags for rs->print_flags field.
 */
#define DMPF_SYNC              0x1
#define DMPF_NOSYNC            0x2
#define DMPF_REBUILD           0x4
#define DMPF_DAEMON_SLEEP      0x8
#define DMPF_MIN_RECOVERY_RATE 0x10
#define DMPF_MAX_RECOVERY_RATE 0x20
#define DMPF_MAX_WRITE_BEHIND  0x40
#define DMPF_STRIPE_CACHE      0x80
#define DMPF_REGION_SIZE       0x100
#define DMPF_RAID10_COPIES     0x200
#define DMPF_RAID10_FORMAT     0x400

struct raid_set {
	struct dm_target *ti;

	uint32_t bitmap_loaded;
	uint32_t print_flags;

	struct mddev md;
	struct raid_type *raid_type;
	struct dm_target_callbacks callbacks;

	struct raid_dev dev[0];
};

/* Supported raid types and properties. */
static struct raid_type {
	const char *name;		/* RAID algorithm. */
	const char *descr;		/* Descriptor text for logging. */
	const unsigned parity_devs;	/* # of parity devices. */
	const unsigned minimal_devs;	/* minimal # of devices in set. */
	const unsigned level;		/* RAID level. */
	const unsigned algorithm;	/* RAID algorithm. */
} raid_types[] = {
	{"raid1",    "RAID1 (mirroring)",               0, 2, 1, 0 /* NONE */},
	{"raid10",   "RAID10 (striped mirrors)",        0, 2, 10, UINT_MAX /* Varies */},
	{"raid4",    "RAID4 (dedicated parity disk)",	1, 2, 5, ALGORITHM_PARITY_0},
	{"raid5_la", "RAID5 (left asymmetric)",		1, 2, 5, ALGORITHM_LEFT_ASYMMETRIC},
	{"raid5_ra", "RAID5 (right asymmetric)",	1, 2, 5, ALGORITHM_RIGHT_ASYMMETRIC},
	{"raid5_ls", "RAID5 (left symmetric)",		1, 2, 5, ALGORITHM_LEFT_SYMMETRIC},
	{"raid5_rs", "RAID5 (right symmetric)",		1, 2, 5, ALGORITHM_RIGHT_SYMMETRIC},
	{"raid6_zr", "RAID6 (zero restart)",		2, 4, 6, ALGORITHM_ROTATING_ZERO_RESTART},
	{"raid6_nr", "RAID6 (N restart)",		2, 4, 6, ALGORITHM_ROTATING_N_RESTART},
	{"raid6_nc", "RAID6 (N continue)",		2, 4, 6, ALGORITHM_ROTATING_N_CONTINUE}
};

static char *raid10_md_layout_to_format(int layout)
{
	/*
	 * Bit 16 and 17 stand for "offset" and "use_far_sets"
	 * Refer to MD's raid10.c for details
	 */
	if ((layout & 0x10000) && (layout & 0x20000))
		return "offset";

	if ((layout & 0xFF) > 1)
		return "near";

	return "far";
}

static unsigned raid10_md_layout_to_copies(int layout)
{
	if ((layout & 0xFF) > 1)
		return layout & 0xFF;
	return (layout >> 8) & 0xFF;
}

static int raid10_format_to_md_layout(char *format, unsigned copies)
{
	unsigned n = 1, f = 1;

	if (!strcmp("near", format))
		n = copies;
	else
		f = copies;

	if (!strcmp("offset", format))
		return 0x30000 | (f << 8) | n;

	if (!strcmp("far", format))
		return 0x20000 | (f << 8) | n;

	return (f << 8) | n;
}

static struct raid_type *get_raid_type(char *name)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(raid_types); i++)
		if (!strcmp(raid_types[i].name, name))
			return &raid_types[i];

	return NULL;
}

static struct raid_set *context_alloc(struct dm_target *ti, struct raid_type *raid_type, unsigned raid_devs)
{
	unsigned i;
	struct raid_set *rs;

	if (raid_devs <= raid_type->parity_devs) {
		ti->error = "Insufficient number of devices";
		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
	}

	rs = kzalloc(sizeof(*rs) + raid_devs * sizeof(rs->dev[0]), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rs) {
		ti->error = "Cannot allocate raid context";
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	}

	mddev_init(&rs->md);

	rs->ti = ti;
	rs->raid_type = raid_type;
	rs->md.raid_disks = raid_devs;
	rs->md.level = raid_type->level;
	rs->md.new_level = rs->md.level;
	rs->md.layout = raid_type->algorithm;
	rs->md.new_layout = rs->md.layout;
	rs->md.delta_disks = 0;
	rs->md.recovery_cp = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < raid_devs; i++)
		md_rdev_init(&rs->dev[i].rdev);

	/*
	 * Remaining items to be initialized by further RAID params:
	 *  rs->md.persistent
	 *  rs->md.external
	 *  rs->md.chunk_sectors
	 *  rs->md.new_chunk_sectors
	 *  rs->md.dev_sectors
	 */

	return rs;
}

static void context_free(struct raid_set *rs)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
		if (rs->dev[i].meta_dev)
			dm_put_device(rs->ti, rs->dev[i].meta_dev);
		md_rdev_clear(&rs->dev[i].rdev);
		if (rs->dev[i].data_dev)
			dm_put_device(rs->ti, rs->dev[i].data_dev);
	}

	kfree(rs);
}

/*
 * For every device we have two words
 *  <meta_dev>: meta device name or '-' if missing
 *  <data_dev>: data device name or '-' if missing
 *
 * The following are permitted:
 *    - -
 *    - <data_dev>
 *    <meta_dev> <data_dev>
 *
 * The following is not allowed:
 *    <meta_dev> -
 *
 * This code parses those words.  If there is a failure,
 * the caller must use context_free to unwind the operations.
 */
static int dev_parms(struct raid_set *rs, char **argv)
{
	int i;
	int rebuild = 0;
	int metadata_available = 0;
	int ret = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++, argv += 2) {
		rs->dev[i].rdev.raid_disk = i;

		rs->dev[i].meta_dev = NULL;
		rs->dev[i].data_dev = NULL;

		/*
		 * There are no offsets, since there is a separate device
		 * for data and metadata.
		 */
		rs->dev[i].rdev.data_offset = 0;
		rs->dev[i].rdev.mddev = &rs->md;

		if (strcmp(argv[0], "-")) {
			ret = dm_get_device(rs->ti, argv[0],
					    dm_table_get_mode(rs->ti->table),
					    &rs->dev[i].meta_dev);
			rs->ti->error = "RAID metadata device lookup failure";
			if (ret)
				return ret;

			rs->dev[i].rdev.sb_page = alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL);
			if (!rs->dev[i].rdev.sb_page)
				return -ENOMEM;
		}

		if (!strcmp(argv[1], "-")) {
			if (!test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags) &&
			    (!rs->dev[i].rdev.recovery_offset)) {
				rs->ti->error = "Drive designated for rebuild not specified";
				return -EINVAL;
			}

			rs->ti->error = "No data device supplied with metadata device";
			if (rs->dev[i].meta_dev)
				return -EINVAL;

			continue;
		}

		ret = dm_get_device(rs->ti, argv[1],
				    dm_table_get_mode(rs->ti->table),
				    &rs->dev[i].data_dev);
		if (ret) {
			rs->ti->error = "RAID device lookup failure";
			return ret;
		}

		if (rs->dev[i].meta_dev) {
			metadata_available = 1;
			rs->dev[i].rdev.meta_bdev = rs->dev[i].meta_dev->bdev;
		}
		rs->dev[i].rdev.bdev = rs->dev[i].data_dev->bdev;
		list_add(&rs->dev[i].rdev.same_set, &rs->md.disks);
		if (!test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
			rebuild++;
	}

	if (metadata_available) {
		rs->md.external = 0;
		rs->md.persistent = 1;
		rs->md.major_version = 2;
	} else if (rebuild && !rs->md.recovery_cp) {
		/*
		 * Without metadata, we will not be able to tell if the array
		 * is in-sync or not - we must assume it is not.  Therefore,
		 * it is impossible to rebuild a drive.
		 *
		 * Even if there is metadata, the on-disk information may
		 * indicate that the array is not in-sync and it will then
		 * fail at that time.
		 *
		 * User could specify 'nosync' option if desperate.
		 */
		DMERR("Unable to rebuild drive while array is not in-sync");
		rs->ti->error = "RAID device lookup failure";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 * validate_region_size
 * @rs
 * @region_size:  region size in sectors.  If 0, pick a size (4MiB default).
 *
 * Set rs->md.bitmap_info.chunksize (which really refers to 'region size').
 * Ensure that (ti->len/region_size < 2^21) - required by MD bitmap.
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, -EINVAL on failure.
 */
static int validate_region_size(struct raid_set *rs, unsigned long region_size)
{
	unsigned long min_region_size = rs->ti->len / (1 << 21);

	if (!region_size) {
		/*
		 * Choose a reasonable default.  All figures in sectors.
		 */
		if (min_region_size > (1 << 13)) {
			/* If not a power of 2, make it the next power of 2 */
			if (min_region_size & (min_region_size - 1))
				region_size = 1 << fls(region_size);
			DMINFO("Choosing default region size of %lu sectors",
			       region_size);
		} else {
			DMINFO("Choosing default region size of 4MiB");
			region_size = 1 << 13; /* sectors */
		}
	} else {
		/*
		 * Validate user-supplied value.
		 */
		if (region_size > rs->ti->len) {
			rs->ti->error = "Supplied region size is too large";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (region_size < min_region_size) {
			DMERR("Supplied region_size (%lu sectors) below minimum (%lu)",
			      region_size, min_region_size);
			rs->ti->error = "Supplied region size is too small";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (!is_power_of_2(region_size)) {
			rs->ti->error = "Region size is not a power of 2";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		if (region_size < rs->md.chunk_sectors) {
			rs->ti->error = "Region size is smaller than the chunk size";
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Convert sectors to bytes.
	 */
	rs->md.bitmap_info.chunksize = (region_size << 9);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * validate_raid_redundancy
 * @rs
 *
 * Determine if there are enough devices in the array that haven't
 * failed (or are being rebuilt) to form a usable array.
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, -EINVAL on failure.
 */
static int validate_raid_redundancy(struct raid_set *rs)
{
	unsigned i, rebuild_cnt = 0;
	unsigned rebuilds_per_group = 0, copies, d;
	unsigned group_size, last_group_start;

	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++)
		if (!test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags) ||
		    !rs->dev[i].rdev.sb_page)
			rebuild_cnt++;

	switch (rs->raid_type->level) {
	case 1:
		if (rebuild_cnt >= rs->md.raid_disks)
			goto too_many;
		break;
	case 4:
	case 5:
	case 6:
		if (rebuild_cnt > rs->raid_type->parity_devs)
			goto too_many;
		break;
	case 10:
		copies = raid10_md_layout_to_copies(rs->md.layout);
		if (rebuild_cnt < copies)
			break;

		/*
		 * It is possible to have a higher rebuild count for RAID10,
		 * as long as the failed devices occur in different mirror
		 * groups (i.e. different stripes).
		 *
		 * When checking "near" format, make sure no adjacent devices
		 * have failed beyond what can be handled.  In addition to the
		 * simple case where the number of devices is a multiple of the
		 * number of copies, we must also handle cases where the number
		 * of devices is not a multiple of the number of copies.
		 * E.g.    dev1 dev2 dev3 dev4 dev5
		 *          A    A    B    B    C
		 *          C    D    D    E    E
		 */
		if (!strcmp("near", raid10_md_layout_to_format(rs->md.layout))) {
			for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks * copies; i++) {
				if (!(i % copies))
					rebuilds_per_group = 0;
				d = i % rs->md.raid_disks;
				if ((!rs->dev[d].rdev.sb_page ||
				     !test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[d].rdev.flags)) &&
				    (++rebuilds_per_group >= copies))
					goto too_many;
			}
			break;
		}

		/*
		 * When checking "far" and "offset" formats, we need to ensure
		 * that the device that holds its copy is not also dead or
		 * being rebuilt.  (Note that "far" and "offset" formats only
		 * support two copies right now.  These formats also only ever
		 * use the 'use_far_sets' variant.)
		 *
		 * This check is somewhat complicated by the need to account
		 * for arrays that are not a multiple of (far) copies.  This
		 * results in the need to treat the last (potentially larger)
		 * set differently.
		 */
		group_size = (rs->md.raid_disks / copies);
		last_group_start = (rs->md.raid_disks / group_size) - 1;
		last_group_start *= group_size;
		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
			if (!(i % copies) && !(i > last_group_start))
				rebuilds_per_group = 0;
			if ((!rs->dev[i].rdev.sb_page ||
			     !test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags)) &&
			    (++rebuilds_per_group >= copies))
					goto too_many;
		}
		break;
	default:
		if (rebuild_cnt)
			return -EINVAL;
	}

	return 0;

too_many:
	return -EINVAL;
}

/*
 * Possible arguments are...
 *	<chunk_size> [optional_args]
 *
 * Argument definitions
 *    <chunk_size>			The number of sectors per disk that
 *                                      will form the "stripe"
 *    [[no]sync]			Force or prevent recovery of the
 *                                      entire array
 *    [devices_handle_discard_safely]	Allow discards on RAID4/5/6; useful if RAID
 *					member device(s) properly support TRIM/UNMAP
 *    [rebuild <idx>]			Rebuild the drive indicated by the index
 *    [daemon_sleep <ms>]		Time between bitmap daemon work to
 *                                      clear bits
 *    [min_recovery_rate <kB/sec/disk>]	Throttle RAID initialization
 *    [max_recovery_rate <kB/sec/disk>]	Throttle RAID initialization
 *    [write_mostly <idx>]		Indicate a write mostly drive via index
 *    [max_write_behind <sectors>]	See '-write-behind=' (man mdadm)
 *    [stripe_cache <sectors>]		Stripe cache size for higher RAIDs
 *    [region_size <sectors>]           Defines granularity of bitmap
 *
 * RAID10-only options:
 *    [raid10_copies <# copies>]        Number of copies.  (Default: 2)
 *    [raid10_format <near|far|offset>] Layout algorithm.  (Default: near)
 */
static int parse_raid_params(struct raid_set *rs, char **argv,
			     unsigned num_raid_params)
{
	char *raid10_format = "near";
	unsigned raid10_copies = 2;
	unsigned i;
	unsigned long value, region_size = 0;
	sector_t sectors_per_dev = rs->ti->len;
	sector_t max_io_len;
	char *key;

	/*
	 * First, parse the in-order required arguments
	 * "chunk_size" is the only argument of this type.
	 */
	if ((kstrtoul(argv[0], 10, &value) < 0)) {
		rs->ti->error = "Bad chunk size";
		return -EINVAL;
	} else if (rs->raid_type->level == 1) {
		if (value)
			DMERR("Ignoring chunk size parameter for RAID 1");
		value = 0;
	} else if (!is_power_of_2(value)) {
		rs->ti->error = "Chunk size must be a power of 2";
		return -EINVAL;
	} else if (value < 8) {
		rs->ti->error = "Chunk size value is too small";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	rs->md.new_chunk_sectors = rs->md.chunk_sectors = value;
	argv++;
	num_raid_params--;

	/*
	 * We set each individual device as In_sync with a completed
	 * 'recovery_offset'.  If there has been a device failure or
	 * replacement then one of the following cases applies:
	 *
	 *   1) User specifies 'rebuild'.
	 *      - Device is reset when param is read.
	 *   2) A new device is supplied.
	 *      - No matching superblock found, resets device.
	 *   3) Device failure was transient and returns on reload.
	 *      - Failure noticed, resets device for bitmap replay.
	 *   4) Device hadn't completed recovery after previous failure.
	 *      - Superblock is read and overrides recovery_offset.
	 *
	 * What is found in the superblocks of the devices is always
	 * authoritative, unless 'rebuild' or '[no]sync' was specified.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
		set_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags);
		rs->dev[i].rdev.recovery_offset = MaxSector;
	}

	/*
	 * Second, parse the unordered optional arguments
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < num_raid_params; i++) {
		if (!strcasecmp(argv[i], "nosync")) {
			rs->md.recovery_cp = MaxSector;
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_NOSYNC;
			continue;
		}
		if (!strcasecmp(argv[i], "sync")) {
			rs->md.recovery_cp = 0;
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_SYNC;
			continue;
		}

		/* The rest of the optional arguments come in key/value pairs */
		if ((i + 1) >= num_raid_params) {
			rs->ti->error = "Wrong number of raid parameters given";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		key = argv[i++];

		/* Parameters that take a string value are checked here. */
		if (!strcasecmp(key, "raid10_format")) {
			if (rs->raid_type->level != 10) {
				rs->ti->error = "'raid10_format' is an invalid parameter for this RAID type";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			if (strcmp("near", argv[i]) &&
			    strcmp("far", argv[i]) &&
			    strcmp("offset", argv[i])) {
				rs->ti->error = "Invalid 'raid10_format' value given";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			raid10_format = argv[i];
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_RAID10_FORMAT;
			continue;
		}

		if (kstrtoul(argv[i], 10, &value) < 0) {
			rs->ti->error = "Bad numerical argument given in raid params";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/* Parameters that take a numeric value are checked here */
		if (!strcasecmp(key, "rebuild")) {
			if (value >= rs->md.raid_disks) {
				rs->ti->error = "Invalid rebuild index given";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			clear_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[value].rdev.flags);
			rs->dev[value].rdev.recovery_offset = 0;
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_REBUILD;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "write_mostly")) {
			if (rs->raid_type->level != 1) {
				rs->ti->error = "write_mostly option is only valid for RAID1";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			if (value >= rs->md.raid_disks) {
				rs->ti->error = "Invalid write_mostly drive index given";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			set_bit(WriteMostly, &rs->dev[value].rdev.flags);
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "max_write_behind")) {
			if (rs->raid_type->level != 1) {
				rs->ti->error = "max_write_behind option is only valid for RAID1";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_MAX_WRITE_BEHIND;

			/*
			 * In device-mapper, we specify things in sectors, but
			 * MD records this value in kB
			 */
			value /= 2;
			if (value > COUNTER_MAX) {
				rs->ti->error = "Max write-behind limit out of range";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->md.bitmap_info.max_write_behind = value;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "daemon_sleep")) {
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_DAEMON_SLEEP;
			if (!value || (value > MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT)) {
				rs->ti->error = "daemon sleep period out of range";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->md.bitmap_info.daemon_sleep = value;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "stripe_cache")) {
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_STRIPE_CACHE;

			/*
			 * In device-mapper, we specify things in sectors, but
			 * MD records this value in kB
			 */
			value /= 2;

			if ((rs->raid_type->level != 5) &&
			    (rs->raid_type->level != 6)) {
				rs->ti->error = "Inappropriate argument: stripe_cache";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			if (raid5_set_cache_size(&rs->md, (int)value)) {
				rs->ti->error = "Bad stripe_cache size";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "min_recovery_rate")) {
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_MIN_RECOVERY_RATE;
			if (value > INT_MAX) {
				rs->ti->error = "min_recovery_rate out of range";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->md.sync_speed_min = (int)value;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "max_recovery_rate")) {
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_MAX_RECOVERY_RATE;
			if (value > INT_MAX) {
				rs->ti->error = "max_recovery_rate out of range";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->md.sync_speed_max = (int)value;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "region_size")) {
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_REGION_SIZE;
			region_size = value;
		} else if (!strcasecmp(key, "raid10_copies") &&
			   (rs->raid_type->level == 10)) {
			if ((value < 2) || (value > 0xFF)) {
				rs->ti->error = "Bad value for 'raid10_copies'";
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			rs->print_flags |= DMPF_RAID10_COPIES;
			raid10_copies = value;
		} else {
			DMERR("Unable to parse RAID parameter: %s", key);
			rs->ti->error = "Unable to parse RAID parameters";
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	}

	if (validate_region_size(rs, region_size))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (rs->md.chunk_sectors)
		max_io_len = rs->md.chunk_sectors;
	else
		max_io_len = region_size;

	if (dm_set_target_max_io_len(rs->ti, max_io_len))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (rs->raid_type->level == 10) {
		if (raid10_copies > rs->md.raid_disks) {
			rs->ti->error = "Not enough devices to satisfy specification";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/*
		 * If the format is not "near", we only support
		 * two copies at the moment.
		 */
		if (strcmp("near", raid10_format) && (raid10_copies > 2)) {
			rs->ti->error = "Too many copies for given RAID10 format.";
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/* (Len * #mirrors) / #devices */
		sectors_per_dev = rs->ti->len * raid10_copies;
		sector_div(sectors_per_dev, rs->md.raid_disks);

		rs->md.layout = raid10_format_to_md_layout(raid10_format,
							   raid10_copies);
		rs->md.new_layout = rs->md.layout;
	} else if ((rs->raid_type->level > 1) &&
		   sector_div(sectors_per_dev,
			      (rs->md.raid_disks - rs->raid_type->parity_devs))) {
		rs->ti->error = "Target length not divisible by number of data devices";
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	rs->md.dev_sectors = sectors_per_dev;

	/* Assume there are no metadata devices until the drives are parsed */
	rs->md.persistent = 0;
	rs->md.external = 1;

	return 0;
}

static void do_table_event(struct work_struct *ws)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = container_of(ws, struct raid_set, md.event_work);

	dm_table_event(rs->ti->table);
}

static int raid_is_congested(struct dm_target_callbacks *cb, int bits)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = container_of(cb, struct raid_set, callbacks);

	return mddev_congested(&rs->md, bits);
}

/*
 * This structure is never routinely used by userspace, unlike md superblocks.
 * Devices with this superblock should only ever be accessed via device-mapper.
 */
#define DM_RAID_MAGIC 0x64526D44
struct dm_raid_superblock {
	__le32 magic;		/* "DmRd" */
	__le32 features;	/* Used to indicate possible future changes */

	__le32 num_devices;	/* Number of devices in this array. (Max 64) */
	__le32 array_position;	/* The position of this drive in the array */

	__le64 events;		/* Incremented by md when superblock updated */
	__le64 failed_devices;	/* Bit field of devices to indicate failures */

	/*
	 * This offset tracks the progress of the repair or replacement of
	 * an individual drive.
	 */
	__le64 disk_recovery_offset;

	/*
	 * This offset tracks the progress of the initial array
	 * synchronisation/parity calculation.
	 */
	__le64 array_resync_offset;

	/*
	 * RAID characteristics
	 */
	__le32 level;
	__le32 layout;
	__le32 stripe_sectors;

	/* Remainder of a logical block is zero-filled when writing (see super_sync()). */
} __packed;

static int read_disk_sb(struct md_rdev *rdev, int size)
{
	BUG_ON(!rdev->sb_page);

	if (rdev->sb_loaded)
		return 0;

	if (!sync_page_io(rdev, 0, size, rdev->sb_page, READ, 1)) {
		DMERR("Failed to read superblock of device at position %d",
		      rdev->raid_disk);
		md_error(rdev->mddev, rdev);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	rdev->sb_loaded = 1;

	return 0;
}

static void super_sync(struct mddev *mddev, struct md_rdev *rdev)
{
	int i;
	uint64_t failed_devices;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb;
	struct raid_set *rs = container_of(mddev, struct raid_set, md);

	sb = page_address(rdev->sb_page);
	failed_devices = le64_to_cpu(sb->failed_devices);

	for (i = 0; i < mddev->raid_disks; i++)
		if (!rs->dev[i].data_dev ||
		    test_bit(Faulty, &(rs->dev[i].rdev.flags)))
			failed_devices |= (1ULL << i);

	memset(sb + 1, 0, rdev->sb_size - sizeof(*sb));

	sb->magic = cpu_to_le32(DM_RAID_MAGIC);
	sb->features = cpu_to_le32(0);	/* No features yet */

	sb->num_devices = cpu_to_le32(mddev->raid_disks);
	sb->array_position = cpu_to_le32(rdev->raid_disk);

	sb->events = cpu_to_le64(mddev->events);
	sb->failed_devices = cpu_to_le64(failed_devices);

	sb->disk_recovery_offset = cpu_to_le64(rdev->recovery_offset);
	sb->array_resync_offset = cpu_to_le64(mddev->recovery_cp);

	sb->level = cpu_to_le32(mddev->level);
	sb->layout = cpu_to_le32(mddev->layout);
	sb->stripe_sectors = cpu_to_le32(mddev->chunk_sectors);
}

/*
 * super_load
 *
 * This function creates a superblock if one is not found on the device
 * and will decide which superblock to use if there's a choice.
 *
 * Return: 1 if use rdev, 0 if use refdev, -Exxx otherwise
 */
static int super_load(struct md_rdev *rdev, struct md_rdev *refdev)
{
	int ret;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *refsb;
	uint64_t events_sb, events_refsb;

	rdev->sb_start = 0;
	rdev->sb_size = bdev_logical_block_size(rdev->meta_bdev);
	if (rdev->sb_size < sizeof(*sb) || rdev->sb_size > PAGE_SIZE) {
		DMERR("superblock size of a logical block is no longer valid");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	ret = read_disk_sb(rdev, rdev->sb_size);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	sb = page_address(rdev->sb_page);

	/*
	 * Two cases that we want to write new superblocks and rebuild:
	 * 1) New device (no matching magic number)
	 * 2) Device specified for rebuild (!In_sync w/ offset == 0)
	 */
	if ((sb->magic != cpu_to_le32(DM_RAID_MAGIC)) ||
	    (!test_bit(In_sync, &rdev->flags) && !rdev->recovery_offset)) {
		super_sync(rdev->mddev, rdev);

		set_bit(FirstUse, &rdev->flags);

		/* Force writing of superblocks to disk */
		set_bit(MD_CHANGE_DEVS, &rdev->mddev->flags);

		/* Any superblock is better than none, choose that if given */
		return refdev ? 0 : 1;
	}

	if (!refdev)
		return 1;

	events_sb = le64_to_cpu(sb->events);

	refsb = page_address(refdev->sb_page);
	events_refsb = le64_to_cpu(refsb->events);

	return (events_sb > events_refsb) ? 1 : 0;
}

static int super_init_validation(struct mddev *mddev, struct md_rdev *rdev)
{
	int role;
	struct raid_set *rs = container_of(mddev, struct raid_set, md);
	uint64_t events_sb;
	uint64_t failed_devices;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb;
	uint32_t new_devs = 0;
	uint32_t rebuilds = 0;
	struct md_rdev *r;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb2;

	sb = page_address(rdev->sb_page);
	events_sb = le64_to_cpu(sb->events);
	failed_devices = le64_to_cpu(sb->failed_devices);

	/*
	 * Initialise to 1 if this is a new superblock.
	 */
	mddev->events = events_sb ? : 1;

	/*
	 * Reshaping is not currently allowed
	 */
	if (le32_to_cpu(sb->level) != mddev->level) {
		DMERR("Reshaping arrays not yet supported. (RAID level change)");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (le32_to_cpu(sb->layout) != mddev->layout) {
		DMERR("Reshaping arrays not yet supported. (RAID layout change)");
		DMERR("  0x%X vs 0x%X", le32_to_cpu(sb->layout), mddev->layout);
		DMERR("  Old layout: %s w/ %d copies",
		      raid10_md_layout_to_format(le32_to_cpu(sb->layout)),
		      raid10_md_layout_to_copies(le32_to_cpu(sb->layout)));
		DMERR("  New layout: %s w/ %d copies",
		      raid10_md_layout_to_format(mddev->layout),
		      raid10_md_layout_to_copies(mddev->layout));
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (le32_to_cpu(sb->stripe_sectors) != mddev->chunk_sectors) {
		DMERR("Reshaping arrays not yet supported. (stripe sectors change)");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* We can only change the number of devices in RAID1 right now */
	if ((rs->raid_type->level != 1) &&
	    (le32_to_cpu(sb->num_devices) != mddev->raid_disks)) {
		DMERR("Reshaping arrays not yet supported. (device count change)");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!(rs->print_flags & (DMPF_SYNC | DMPF_NOSYNC)))
		mddev->recovery_cp = le64_to_cpu(sb->array_resync_offset);

	/*
	 * During load, we set FirstUse if a new superblock was written.
	 * There are two reasons we might not have a superblock:
	 * 1) The array is brand new - in which case, all of the
	 *    devices must have their In_sync bit set.  Also,
	 *    recovery_cp must be 0, unless forced.
	 * 2) This is a new device being added to an old array
	 *    and the new device needs to be rebuilt - in which
	 *    case the In_sync bit will /not/ be set and
	 *    recovery_cp must be MaxSector.
	 */
	rdev_for_each(r, mddev) {
		if (!test_bit(In_sync, &r->flags)) {
			DMINFO("Device %d specified for rebuild: "
			       "Clearing superblock", r->raid_disk);
			rebuilds++;
		} else if (test_bit(FirstUse, &r->flags))
			new_devs++;
	}

	if (!rebuilds) {
		if (new_devs == mddev->raid_disks) {
			DMINFO("Superblocks created for new array");
			set_bit(MD_ARRAY_FIRST_USE, &mddev->flags);
		} else if (new_devs) {
			DMERR("New device injected "
			      "into existing array without 'rebuild' "
			      "parameter specified");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
	} else if (new_devs) {
		DMERR("'rebuild' devices cannot be "
		      "injected into an array with other first-time devices");
		return -EINVAL;
	} else if (mddev->recovery_cp != MaxSector) {
		DMERR("'rebuild' specified while array is not in-sync");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * Now we set the Faulty bit for those devices that are
	 * recorded in the superblock as failed.
	 */
	rdev_for_each(r, mddev) {
		if (!r->sb_page)
			continue;
		sb2 = page_address(r->sb_page);
		sb2->failed_devices = 0;

		/*
		 * Check for any device re-ordering.
		 */
		if (!test_bit(FirstUse, &r->flags) && (r->raid_disk >= 0)) {
			role = le32_to_cpu(sb2->array_position);
			if (role != r->raid_disk) {
				if (rs->raid_type->level != 1) {
					rs->ti->error = "Cannot change device "
						"positions in RAID array";
					return -EINVAL;
				}
				DMINFO("RAID1 device #%d now at position #%d",
				       role, r->raid_disk);
			}

			/*
			 * Partial recovery is performed on
			 * returning failed devices.
			 */
			if (failed_devices & (1 << role))
				set_bit(Faulty, &r->flags);
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int super_validate(struct mddev *mddev, struct md_rdev *rdev)
{
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb = page_address(rdev->sb_page);

	/*
	 * If mddev->events is not set, we know we have not yet initialized
	 * the array.
	 */
	if (!mddev->events && super_init_validation(mddev, rdev))
		return -EINVAL;

	mddev->bitmap_info.offset = 4096 >> 9; /* Enable bitmap creation */
	rdev->mddev->bitmap_info.default_offset = 4096 >> 9;
	if (!test_bit(FirstUse, &rdev->flags)) {
		rdev->recovery_offset = le64_to_cpu(sb->disk_recovery_offset);
		if (rdev->recovery_offset != MaxSector)
			clear_bit(In_sync, &rdev->flags);
	}

	/*
	 * If a device comes back, set it as not In_sync and no longer faulty.
	 */
	if (test_bit(Faulty, &rdev->flags)) {
		clear_bit(Faulty, &rdev->flags);
		clear_bit(In_sync, &rdev->flags);
		rdev->saved_raid_disk = rdev->raid_disk;
		rdev->recovery_offset = 0;
	}

	clear_bit(FirstUse, &rdev->flags);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Analyse superblocks and select the freshest.
 */
static int analyse_superblocks(struct dm_target *ti, struct raid_set *rs)
{
	int ret;
	struct raid_dev *dev;
	struct md_rdev *rdev, *tmp, *freshest;
	struct mddev *mddev = &rs->md;

	freshest = NULL;
	rdev_for_each_safe(rdev, tmp, mddev) {
		/*
		 * Skipping super_load due to DMPF_SYNC will cause
		 * the array to undergo initialization again as
		 * though it were new.  This is the intended effect
		 * of the "sync" directive.
		 *
		 * When reshaping capability is added, we must ensure
		 * that the "sync" directive is disallowed during the
		 * reshape.
		 */
		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_SYNC)
			continue;

		if (!rdev->meta_bdev)
			continue;

		ret = super_load(rdev, freshest);

		switch (ret) {
		case 1:
			freshest = rdev;
			break;
		case 0:
			break;
		default:
			dev = container_of(rdev, struct raid_dev, rdev);
			if (dev->meta_dev)
				dm_put_device(ti, dev->meta_dev);

			dev->meta_dev = NULL;
			rdev->meta_bdev = NULL;

			if (rdev->sb_page)
				put_page(rdev->sb_page);

			rdev->sb_page = NULL;

			rdev->sb_loaded = 0;

			/*
			 * We might be able to salvage the data device
			 * even though the meta device has failed.  For
			 * now, we behave as though '- -' had been
			 * set for this device in the table.
			 */
			if (dev->data_dev)
				dm_put_device(ti, dev->data_dev);

			dev->data_dev = NULL;
			rdev->bdev = NULL;

			list_del(&rdev->same_set);
		}
	}

	if (!freshest)
		return 0;

	if (validate_raid_redundancy(rs)) {
		rs->ti->error = "Insufficient redundancy to activate array";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * Validation of the freshest device provides the source of
	 * validation for the remaining devices.
	 */
	ti->error = "Unable to assemble array: Invalid superblocks";
	if (super_validate(mddev, freshest))
		return -EINVAL;

	rdev_for_each(rdev, mddev)
		if ((rdev != freshest) && super_validate(mddev, rdev))
			return -EINVAL;

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Enable/disable discard support on RAID set depending on
 * RAID level and discard properties of underlying RAID members.
 */
static void configure_discard_support(struct dm_target *ti, struct raid_set *rs)
{
	int i;
	bool raid456;

	/* Assume discards not supported until after checks below. */
	ti->discards_supported = false;

	/* RAID level 4,5,6 require discard_zeroes_data for data integrity! */
	raid456 = (rs->md.level == 4 || rs->md.level == 5 || rs->md.level == 6);

	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
		struct request_queue *q;

		if (!rs->dev[i].rdev.bdev)
			continue;

		q = bdev_get_queue(rs->dev[i].rdev.bdev);
		if (!q || !blk_queue_discard(q))
			return;

		if (raid456) {
			if (!q->limits.discard_zeroes_data)
				return;
			if (!devices_handle_discard_safely) {
				DMERR("raid456 discard support disabled due to discard_zeroes_data uncertainty.");
				DMERR("Set dm-raid.devices_handle_discard_safely=Y to override.");
				return;
			}
		}
	}

	/* All RAID members properly support discards */
	ti->discards_supported = true;

	/*
	 * RAID1 and RAID10 personalities require bio splitting,
	 * RAID0/4/5/6 don't and process large discard bios properly.
	 */
	ti->split_discard_bios = !!(rs->md.level == 1 || rs->md.level == 10);
	ti->num_discard_bios = 1;
}

/*
 * Construct a RAID4/5/6 mapping:
 * Args:
 *	<raid_type> <#raid_params> <raid_params>		\
 *	<#raid_devs> { <meta_dev1> <dev1> .. <meta_devN> <devN> }
 *
 * <raid_params> varies by <raid_type>.  See 'parse_raid_params' for
 * details on possible <raid_params>.
 */
static int raid_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned argc, char **argv)
{
	int ret;
	struct raid_type *rt;
	unsigned long num_raid_params, num_raid_devs;
	struct raid_set *rs = NULL;

	/* Must have at least <raid_type> <#raid_params> */
	if (argc < 2) {
		ti->error = "Too few arguments";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	/* raid type */
	rt = get_raid_type(argv[0]);
	if (!rt) {
		ti->error = "Unrecognised raid_type";
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	argc--;
	argv++;

	/* number of RAID parameters */
	if (kstrtoul(argv[0], 10, &num_raid_params) < 0) {
		ti->error = "Cannot understand number of RAID parameters";
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	argc--;
	argv++;

	/* Skip over RAID params for now and find out # of devices */
	if (num_raid_params + 1 > argc) {
		ti->error = "Arguments do not agree with counts given";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if ((kstrtoul(argv[num_raid_params], 10, &num_raid_devs) < 0) ||
	    (num_raid_devs >= INT_MAX)) {
		ti->error = "Cannot understand number of raid devices";
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	rs = context_alloc(ti, rt, (unsigned)num_raid_devs);
	if (IS_ERR(rs))
		return PTR_ERR(rs);

	ret = parse_raid_params(rs, argv, (unsigned)num_raid_params);
	if (ret)
		goto bad;

	ret = -EINVAL;

	argc -= num_raid_params + 1; /* +1: we already have num_raid_devs */
	argv += num_raid_params + 1;

	if (argc != (num_raid_devs * 2)) {
		ti->error = "Supplied RAID devices does not match the count given";
		goto bad;
	}

	ret = dev_parms(rs, argv);
	if (ret)
		goto bad;

	rs->md.sync_super = super_sync;
	ret = analyse_superblocks(ti, rs);
	if (ret)
		goto bad;

	INIT_WORK(&rs->md.event_work, do_table_event);
	ti->private = rs;
	ti->num_flush_bios = 1;

	/*
	 * Disable/enable discard support on RAID set.
	 */
	configure_discard_support(ti, rs);

	mutex_lock(&rs->md.reconfig_mutex);
	ret = md_run(&rs->md);
	rs->md.in_sync = 0; /* Assume already marked dirty */
	mutex_unlock(&rs->md.reconfig_mutex);

	if (ret) {
		ti->error = "Fail to run raid array";
		goto bad;
	}

	if (ti->len != rs->md.array_sectors) {
		ti->error = "Array size does not match requested target length";
		ret = -EINVAL;
		goto size_mismatch;
	}
	rs->callbacks.congested_fn = raid_is_congested;
	dm_table_add_target_callbacks(ti->table, &rs->callbacks);

	mddev_suspend(&rs->md);
	return 0;

size_mismatch:
	md_stop(&rs->md);
bad:
	context_free(rs);

	return ret;
}

static void raid_dtr(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;

	list_del_init(&rs->callbacks.list);
	md_stop(&rs->md);
	context_free(rs);
}

static int raid_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;
	struct mddev *mddev = &rs->md;

	mddev->pers->make_request(mddev, bio);

	return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
}

static const char *decipher_sync_action(struct mddev *mddev)
{
	if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_FROZEN, &mddev->recovery))
		return "frozen";

	if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RUNNING, &mddev->recovery) ||
	    (!mddev->ro && test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &mddev->recovery))) {
		if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RESHAPE, &mddev->recovery))
			return "reshape";

		if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_SYNC, &mddev->recovery)) {
			if (!test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED, &mddev->recovery))
				return "resync";
			else if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_CHECK, &mddev->recovery))
				return "check";
			return "repair";
		}

		if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RECOVER, &mddev->recovery))
			return "recover";
	}

	return "idle";
}

static void raid_status(struct dm_target *ti, status_type_t type,
			unsigned status_flags, char *result, unsigned maxlen)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;
	unsigned raid_param_cnt = 1; /* at least 1 for chunksize */
	unsigned sz = 0;
	int i, array_in_sync = 0;
	sector_t sync;

	switch (type) {
	case STATUSTYPE_INFO:
		DMEMIT("%s %d ", rs->raid_type->name, rs->md.raid_disks);

		if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RUNNING, &rs->md.recovery))
			sync = rs->md.curr_resync_completed;
		else
			sync = rs->md.recovery_cp;

		if (sync >= rs->md.resync_max_sectors) {
			/*
			 * Sync complete.
			 */
			array_in_sync = 1;
			sync = rs->md.resync_max_sectors;
		} else if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED, &rs->md.recovery)) {
			/*
			 * If "check" or "repair" is occurring, the array has
			 * undergone and initial sync and the health characters
			 * should not be 'a' anymore.
			 */
			array_in_sync = 1;
		} else {
			/*
			 * The array may be doing an initial sync, or it may
			 * be rebuilding individual components.  If all the
			 * devices are In_sync, then it is the array that is
			 * being initialized.
			 */
			for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++)
				if (!test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
					array_in_sync = 1;
		}

		/*
		 * Status characters:
		 *  'D' = Dead/Failed device
		 *  'a' = Alive but not in-sync
		 *  'A' = Alive and in-sync
		 */
		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
			if (test_bit(Faulty, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				DMEMIT("D");
			else if (!array_in_sync ||
				 !test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				DMEMIT("a");
			else
				DMEMIT("A");
		}

		/*
		 * In-sync ratio:
		 *  The in-sync ratio shows the progress of:
		 *   - Initializing the array
		 *   - Rebuilding a subset of devices of the array
		 *  The user can distinguish between the two by referring
		 *  to the status characters.
		 */
		DMEMIT(" %llu/%llu",
		       (unsigned long long) sync,
		       (unsigned long long) rs->md.resync_max_sectors);

		/*
		 * Sync action:
		 *   See Documentation/device-mapper/dm-raid.c for
		 *   information on each of these states.
		 */
		DMEMIT(" %s", decipher_sync_action(&rs->md));

		/*
		 * resync_mismatches/mismatch_cnt
		 *   This field shows the number of discrepancies found when
		 *   performing a "check" of the array.
		 */
		DMEMIT(" %llu",
		       (strcmp(rs->md.last_sync_action, "check")) ? 0 :
		       (unsigned long long)
		       atomic64_read(&rs->md.resync_mismatches));
		break;
	case STATUSTYPE_TABLE:
		/* The string you would use to construct this array */
		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
			if ((rs->print_flags & DMPF_REBUILD) &&
			    rs->dev[i].data_dev &&
			    !test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				raid_param_cnt += 2; /* for rebuilds */
			if (rs->dev[i].data_dev &&
			    test_bit(WriteMostly, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				raid_param_cnt += 2;
		}

		raid_param_cnt += (hweight32(rs->print_flags & ~DMPF_REBUILD) * 2);
		if (rs->print_flags & (DMPF_SYNC | DMPF_NOSYNC))
			raid_param_cnt--;

		DMEMIT("%s %u %u", rs->raid_type->name,
		       raid_param_cnt, rs->md.chunk_sectors);

		if ((rs->print_flags & DMPF_SYNC) &&
		    (rs->md.recovery_cp == MaxSector))
			DMEMIT(" sync");
		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_NOSYNC)
			DMEMIT(" nosync");

		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++)
			if ((rs->print_flags & DMPF_REBUILD) &&
			    rs->dev[i].data_dev &&
			    !test_bit(In_sync, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				DMEMIT(" rebuild %u", i);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_DAEMON_SLEEP)
			DMEMIT(" daemon_sleep %lu",
			       rs->md.bitmap_info.daemon_sleep);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_MIN_RECOVERY_RATE)
			DMEMIT(" min_recovery_rate %d", rs->md.sync_speed_min);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_MAX_RECOVERY_RATE)
			DMEMIT(" max_recovery_rate %d", rs->md.sync_speed_max);

		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++)
			if (rs->dev[i].data_dev &&
			    test_bit(WriteMostly, &rs->dev[i].rdev.flags))
				DMEMIT(" write_mostly %u", i);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_MAX_WRITE_BEHIND)
			DMEMIT(" max_write_behind %lu",
			       rs->md.bitmap_info.max_write_behind);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_STRIPE_CACHE) {
			struct r5conf *conf = rs->md.private;

			/* convert from kiB to sectors */
			DMEMIT(" stripe_cache %d",
			       conf ? conf->max_nr_stripes * 2 : 0);
		}

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_REGION_SIZE)
			DMEMIT(" region_size %lu",
			       rs->md.bitmap_info.chunksize >> 9);

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_RAID10_COPIES)
			DMEMIT(" raid10_copies %u",
			       raid10_md_layout_to_copies(rs->md.layout));

		if (rs->print_flags & DMPF_RAID10_FORMAT)
			DMEMIT(" raid10_format %s",
			       raid10_md_layout_to_format(rs->md.layout));

		DMEMIT(" %d", rs->md.raid_disks);
		for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
			if (rs->dev[i].meta_dev)
				DMEMIT(" %s", rs->dev[i].meta_dev->name);
			else
				DMEMIT(" -");

			if (rs->dev[i].data_dev)
				DMEMIT(" %s", rs->dev[i].data_dev->name);
			else
				DMEMIT(" -");
		}
	}
}

static int raid_message(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned argc, char **argv)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;
	struct mddev *mddev = &rs->md;

	if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "reshape")) {
		DMERR("Reshape not supported.");
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	if (!mddev->pers || !mddev->pers->sync_request)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "frozen"))
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_FROZEN, &mddev->recovery);
	else
		clear_bit(MD_RECOVERY_FROZEN, &mddev->recovery);

	if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "idle") || !strcasecmp(argv[0], "frozen")) {
		if (mddev->sync_thread) {
			set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_INTR, &mddev->recovery);
			md_reap_sync_thread(mddev);
		}
	} else if (test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RUNNING, &mddev->recovery) ||
		   test_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &mddev->recovery))
		return -EBUSY;
	else if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "resync"))
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &mddev->recovery);
	else if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "recover")) {
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_RECOVER, &mddev->recovery);
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &mddev->recovery);
	} else {
		if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "check"))
			set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_CHECK, &mddev->recovery);
		else if (!!strcasecmp(argv[0], "repair"))
			return -EINVAL;
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_REQUESTED, &mddev->recovery);
		set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_SYNC, &mddev->recovery);
	}
	if (mddev->ro == 2) {
		/* A write to sync_action is enough to justify
		 * canceling read-auto mode
		 */
		mddev->ro = 0;
		if (!mddev->suspended)
			md_wakeup_thread(mddev->sync_thread);
	}
	set_bit(MD_RECOVERY_NEEDED, &mddev->recovery);
	if (!mddev->suspended)
		md_wakeup_thread(mddev->thread);

	return 0;
}

static int raid_iterate_devices(struct dm_target *ti,
				iterate_devices_callout_fn fn, void *data)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;
	unsigned i;
	int ret = 0;

	for (i = 0; !ret && i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++)
		if (rs->dev[i].data_dev)
			ret = fn(ti,
				 rs->dev[i].data_dev,
				 0, /* No offset on data devs */
				 rs->md.dev_sectors,
				 data);

	return ret;
}

static void raid_io_hints(struct dm_target *ti, struct queue_limits *limits)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;
	unsigned chunk_size = rs->md.chunk_sectors << 9;
	struct r5conf *conf = rs->md.private;

	blk_limits_io_min(limits, chunk_size);
	blk_limits_io_opt(limits, chunk_size * (conf->raid_disks - conf->max_degraded));
}

static void raid_presuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;

	md_stop_writes(&rs->md);
}

static void raid_postsuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;

	mddev_suspend(&rs->md);
}

static void attempt_restore_of_faulty_devices(struct raid_set *rs)
{
	int i;
	uint64_t failed_devices, cleared_failed_devices = 0;
	unsigned long flags;
	struct dm_raid_superblock *sb;
	struct md_rdev *r;

	for (i = 0; i < rs->md.raid_disks; i++) {
		r = &rs->dev[i].rdev;
		if (test_bit(Faulty, &r->flags) && r->sb_page &&
		    sync_page_io(r, 0, r->sb_size, r->sb_page, READ, 1)) {
			DMINFO("Faulty %s device #%d has readable super block."
			       "  Attempting to revive it.",
			       rs->raid_type->name, i);

			/*
			 * Faulty bit may be set, but sometimes the array can
			 * be suspended before the personalities can respond
			 * by removing the device from the array (i.e. calling
			 * 'hot_remove_disk').  If they haven't yet removed
			 * the failed device, its 'raid_disk' number will be
			 * '>= 0' - meaning we must call this function
			 * ourselves.
			 */
			if ((r->raid_disk >= 0) &&
			    (r->mddev->pers->hot_remove_disk(r->mddev, r) != 0))
				/* Failed to revive this device, try next */
				continue;

			r->raid_disk = i;
			r->saved_raid_disk = i;
			flags = r->flags;
			clear_bit(Faulty, &r->flags);
			clear_bit(WriteErrorSeen, &r->flags);
			clear_bit(In_sync, &r->flags);
			if (r->mddev->pers->hot_add_disk(r->mddev, r)) {
				r->raid_disk = -1;
				r->saved_raid_disk = -1;
				r->flags = flags;
			} else {
				r->recovery_offset = 0;
				cleared_failed_devices |= 1 << i;
			}
		}
	}
	if (cleared_failed_devices) {
		rdev_for_each(r, &rs->md) {
			sb = page_address(r->sb_page);
			failed_devices = le64_to_cpu(sb->failed_devices);
			failed_devices &= ~cleared_failed_devices;
			sb->failed_devices = cpu_to_le64(failed_devices);
		}
	}
}

static void raid_resume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
	struct raid_set *rs = ti->private;

	set_bit(MD_CHANGE_DEVS, &rs->md.flags);
	if (!rs->bitmap_loaded) {
		bitmap_load(&rs->md);
		rs->bitmap_loaded = 1;
	} else {
		/*
		 * A secondary resume while the device is active.
		 * Take this opportunity to check whether any failed
		 * devices are reachable again.
		 */
		attempt_restore_of_faulty_devices(rs);
	}

	clear_bit(MD_RECOVERY_FROZEN, &rs->md.recovery);
	mddev_resume(&rs->md);
}

static struct target_type raid_target = {
	.name = "raid",
	.version = {1, 6, 0},
	.module = THIS_MODULE,
	.ctr = raid_ctr,
	.dtr = raid_dtr,
	.map = raid_map,
	.status = raid_status,
	.message = raid_message,
	.iterate_devices = raid_iterate_devices,
	.io_hints = raid_io_hints,
	.presuspend = raid_presuspend,
	.postsuspend = raid_postsuspend,
	.resume = raid_resume,
};

static int __init dm_raid_init(void)
{
	DMINFO("Loading target version %u.%u.%u",
	       raid_target.version[0],
	       raid_target.version[1],
	       raid_target.version[2]);
	return dm_register_target(&raid_target);
}

static void __exit dm_raid_exit(void)
{
	dm_unregister_target(&raid_target);
}

module_init(dm_raid_init);
module_exit(dm_raid_exit);

module_param(devices_handle_discard_safely, bool, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(devices_handle_discard_safely,
		 "Set to Y if all devices in each array reliably return zeroes on reads from discarded regions");

MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DM_NAME " raid4/5/6 target");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-raid1");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-raid10");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-raid4");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-raid5");
MODULE_ALIAS("dm-raid6");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Neil Brown <dm-devel@redhat.com>");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");