bpf: Introduce lock-free bpf_async_update_prog_callback()

Introduce bpf_async_update_prog_callback(): lock-free update of cb->prog
and cb->callback_fn. This function allows updating prog and callback_fn
fields of the struct bpf_async_cb without holding lock.
For now use it under the lock from __bpf_async_set_callback(), in the
next patches that lock will be removed.

Lock-free algorithm:
 * Acquire a guard reference on prog to prevent it from being freed
   during the retry loop.
 * Retry loop:
    1. Each iteration acquires a new prog reference and stores it
       in cb->prog via xchg. The previous prog is released.
    2. The loop condition checks if both cb->prog and cb->callback_fn
       match what we just wrote. If either differs, a concurrent writer
       overwrote our value, and we must retry.
    3. When we retry, our previously-stored prog was already released by
       the concurrent writer or will be released by us after
       overwriting.
 * Release guard reference.

Acked-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mykyta Yatsenko <yatsenko@meta.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260120-timer_nolock-v6-3-670ffdd787b4@meta.com
Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

1 files changed, 37 insertions, 30 deletions

diff --git a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
index 6eadb66b8c67..2a2df867bfe7 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
@@ -1354,10 +1354,43 @@ static const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_timer_init_proto = {
 	.arg3_type	= ARG_ANYTHING,
 };
 
+static int bpf_async_update_prog_callback(struct bpf_async_cb *cb, void *callback_fn,
+					  struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+	struct bpf_prog *prev;
+
+	/* Acquire a guard reference on prog to prevent it from being freed during the loop */
+	if (prog) {
+		prog = bpf_prog_inc_not_zero(prog);
+		if (IS_ERR(prog))
+			return PTR_ERR(prog);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		if (prog)
+			prog = bpf_prog_inc_not_zero(prog);
+		prev = xchg(&cb->prog, prog);
+		rcu_assign_pointer(cb->callback_fn, callback_fn);
+
+		/*
+		 * Release previous prog, make sure that if other CPU is contending,
+		 * to set bpf_prog, references are not leaked as each iteration acquires and
+		 * releases one reference.
+		 */
+		if (prev)
+			bpf_prog_put(prev);
+
+	} while (READ_ONCE(cb->prog) != prog || READ_ONCE(cb->callback_fn) != callback_fn);
+
+	if (prog)
+		bpf_prog_put(prog);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int __bpf_async_set_callback(struct bpf_async_kern *async, void *callback_fn,
 				    struct bpf_prog *prog)
 {
-	struct bpf_prog *prev;
 	struct bpf_async_cb *cb;
 	int ret = 0;
 
@@ -1378,22 +1411,7 @@ static int __bpf_async_set_callback(struct bpf_async_kern *async, void *callback
 		ret = -EPERM;
 		goto out;
 	}
-	prev = cb->prog;
-	if (prev != prog) {
-		/* Bump prog refcnt once. Every bpf_timer_set_callback()
-		 * can pick different callback_fn-s within the same prog.
-		 */
-		prog = bpf_prog_inc_not_zero(prog);
-		if (IS_ERR(prog)) {
-			ret = PTR_ERR(prog);
-			goto out;
-		}
-		if (prev)
-			/* Drop prev prog refcnt when swapping with new prog */
-			bpf_prog_put(prev);
-		cb->prog = prog;
-	}
-	rcu_assign_pointer(cb->callback_fn, callback_fn);
+	ret = bpf_async_update_prog_callback(cb, callback_fn, prog);
 out:
 	__bpf_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&async->lock);
 	return ret;
@@ -1453,17 +1471,6 @@ static const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_timer_start_proto = {
 	.arg3_type	= ARG_ANYTHING,
 };
 
-static void drop_prog_refcnt(struct bpf_async_cb *async)
-{
-	struct bpf_prog *prog = async->prog;
-
-	if (prog) {
-		bpf_prog_put(prog);
-		async->prog = NULL;
-		rcu_assign_pointer(async->callback_fn, NULL);
-	}
-}
-
 BPF_CALL_1(bpf_timer_cancel, struct bpf_async_kern *, timer)
 {
 	struct bpf_hrtimer *t, *cur_t;
@@ -1514,7 +1521,7 @@ BPF_CALL_1(bpf_timer_cancel, struct bpf_async_kern *, timer)
 		goto out;
 	}
 drop:
-	drop_prog_refcnt(&t->cb);
+	bpf_async_update_prog_callback(&t->cb, NULL, NULL);
 out:
 	__bpf_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&timer->lock);
 	/* Cancel the timer and wait for associated callback to finish
@@ -1547,7 +1554,7 @@ static struct bpf_async_cb *__bpf_async_cancel_and_free(struct bpf_async_kern *a
 	cb = async->cb;
 	if (!cb)
 		goto out;
-	drop_prog_refcnt(cb);
+	bpf_async_update_prog_callback(cb, NULL, NULL);
 	/* The subsequent bpf_timer_start/cancel() helpers won't be able to use
 	 * this timer, since it won't be initialized.
 	 */